For the assessment of representative and longitudinal Zn nutriture in South Koreans, Zn, phytate and Ca intakes were determined using four consecutive years of food consumption data taken from Korean National Nutrition Survey Report (KNNSR) every 10 years during 1969-1998. The nutrient intake data are presented for large city and rural areas. Zn intake of South Koreans in both large city and rural areas was low during 1969-1988 having values between 4.5-5.6 mg/d, after then increased to 7.4 (91% Estimated Average Requirements for Koreans, EAR = 8.1 mg/d) and 6.7 mg/d (74% EAR) in 1998 in large city and rural areas, respectively. In 1968, Zn intake was unexpectedly higher in rural areas due to higher grain consumption, but since then until 1988 Zn intake was decreased and increased back in 1998. Food sources for Zn have shifted from plants to a variety of animal products. Phytate intake of South Koreans during 1969-1978 was high mainly due to the consumption of grains and soy products which are major phytate sources, but decreased in 1998. The molar ratios of phytate:Zn and millimmolar ratio of phytatexCa:Zn were decreased due to the decreased phytate intake in South Koreans, which implies higher zinc bioavailability. The study results suggest that Zn nutriture has improved by increased dietary Zn intakes and the decreased molar ratio of phytate:Zn in South Koreans in both large city and rural areas.
Animals ; Biological Availability ; Edible Grain ; Ear ; Molar* ; Nutrition Surveys ; Phytic Acid ; Zinc*

PURPOSE: Lymphoscintigraphy and sentinel node biopsy has become a standard method for detection of axillary lymph node metastasis in breast cancer patients, but the standard radiopharmaceutical was not prepared. About detection of axillary lymph node metastasis by lymphoscintigraphy and sentinel node biopsy in breast cancer patient, we compared the results of Tc-99m Tin-colloid and Tc-99m Phytate by subareolar injection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study included 382 breast cancer patients who were performed operation during 2001-2008. Three hundred forty nine patients was injected 0.8 ml of Tc-99m Tin-colloid (37-185 MBq) by subareolar injection. Thirty three patients was injected 0.8 ml of Tc-99m Phytate (37-185 MBq). Lymphoscintigraphy was performed in supine position and sentinel node localization was performed by hand-held gamma probe in operation. RESULT: Among 349 patients by Tc-99m Tin-colloid, 312 cases (89.4%) localized the sentinel node by lymphoscintigraphy, 304 cases (87.1%) localized by gamma probe. Among 33 patients by Tc-99m Phytate, 32 cases (97.0%) localized by lymphoscintigraphy, 33 cases (100%) localized by gamma probe. Detection rate by lymphoscintigraphy and gamma probe was superior for Tc-99m Phytate compared to that with Tc-99m Tin-colloid, with a statistically significant difference. (p<0.05, p<0.05) CONCLUSION: Tc-99m Phytate is a better choice for localization of sentinel node than Tc-99m Tin-colloid in breast cancer patients.
Biopsy ; Breast ; Breast Neoplasms ; Humans ; Lymph Nodes ; Lymphoscintigraphy ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Nitriles ; Phytic Acid ; Pyrethrins ; Supine Position

Phytases (myo-inositol hexakisphosphate phosphohydrolase; EC 3.1.3.8) are enzymes which catalyze the hydrolisys of phytate into myo-inositol and inorganic phosphates. Phytases are found in plants and a variety of microorganisms. Aspergillus species were treated with 254 nm of UV irradiation for the screening of phytase overproducing mutant strains. At 15 minute irradiation, the survivals of population were less than 5%, and UV irradiation time was decided at 20 minute for the isolation of mutant strains. Four UV mutant strains in A. oryzae (YUV-47, -169, -341, -511) and six in A. ficuum (FUV-17, -36, -69, -193, -317, -419) were isolated on PSM media containing ammonium phosphate. The specific enzyme activities of A. ficuum mutants are 110 to 140% higher than that of wild type.
6-Phytase* ; Ammonium Compounds ; Aspergillus oryzae ; Aspergillus* ; Mass Screening* ; Mutagenesis* ; Oryza ; Phosphates ; Phytic Acid

The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationships among zinc status, protein and phytate intake, and diabetic control indices of type 2 diabetic women. The mean age and the duration of diabetes were respectively 57.9+/-6.9 years old and 8.0+/-6.5 years. The mean daily energy intake of diabetic subjects was 1562 kcal. Both the zinc intake (6.2mg/day) and the zinc %RI (% of The Recommended Intake for zinc: 79.5%) of the diabetic participants were significantly lower than those of the control group (respectively p<0.01). As for the diabetic group, the higher the energy intake (kcal/day), the higher were the zinc intake (p<0.001) and %RI for zinc (p<0.001). Zinc intake was positively correlated with the protein (p<0.001), animal protein (p<0.001), and fat intake (p<0.001), but negatively correlated with the carbohydrate intake (p<0.001). Foods with high amount of phytate were the major source of zinc (p<0.01), but did not contribute to high zinc densities. The urinary zinc excretion was twice as high as in the diabetic group compared to the control group (p<0.001). In addition, the urinary zinc loss was positively correlated with the duration of diabetes (p<0.05), hyperglycemia (p<0.001) and insulin resistance (p<0.05). %RI for zinc was negatively correlated with the HbA1C (p<0.05). These results lead us to conclude that the appropriate intake of energy controlled by diet therapy could improve the total zinc intake and %RI for zinc in diabetic women. Also, normal blood glucose level controlled by diet therapy could improve the hyperzincuria. Dietetic practitioners should encourage consumption patterns that provide zinc-rich foods in the form of animal protein to improve the bioavailability as well as the total daily intake of zinc.
Animals ; Biological Availability ; Blood Glucose ; Diet Therapy ; Energy Intake ; Female ; Humans ; Hyperglycemia ; Insulin Resistance ; Phytic Acid* ; Zinc*

OBJECTIVESIn order to understand the effect of long term consumption of mineral-fortified dephytinized soy milk powder on skeletal health in children, biological effects of mineral-fortified dephytinized soy milk powder, dephytinized mineral-unfortified soy milk powder and fresh mineral-fortified cow milk were compared.

METHODSTotally, 90 boys aged 12 to 14 years were involved in the study and were given daily with mineral-fortified dephytinized soy milk powder, dephytinized soy milk powder and fresh fortified cow milk, respectively, for two months. The blood samples were collected from all the subjects for measuring activity of serum bone specific alkaline phosphatase and serum level of oesteocalcin, and the urine samples were collected for determining urine C-terminal telopeptides of type I collagen (CTx).

RESULTSAfter two-month intervention, serum level of oesteocalcin increased significantly in the all groups, (16.42 +/- 11.25) micro g/L for the group with fortified soy milk powder, (18.86 +/- 11.57) microg/L for the group with unfortified soy milk powder and (13.81 +/- 10.06) microg/L for the group with fortified cow milk, respectively. The activity of bone specific alkaline phosphatase significantly decreased in the all groups, by (0.28 +/- 0.40) micromol x s(-1) x L(-1) for the group with fortified soy milk powder, (0.26 +/- 0.35) micromol x s(-1) x L(-1) for the group with unfortified soy milk powder, and (0.17 +/- 0.28) micromol x s(-1) x L(-1) for the group with fortified cow milk, respectively. As well as, urine level of CTx decreased significantly, by (349.1 +/- 380.3) mg/L for the group with fortified soy milk powder, (260.4 +/- 412.4) mg/L for the group with unfortified soy milk powder, and (354.4 +/- 404.7) mg/L for the group with fortified cow milk, respectively.

CONCLUSIONSLong term consumption of mineral-fortified and dephytinized soy milk powder could improve bone mass retention and calcium nutrition status efficiently in children.

Adolescent ; Bone Density ; drug effects ; physiology ; Child ; Dietary Supplements ; Food, Fortified ; Humans ; Male ; Minerals ; pharmacology ; Phytic Acid ; metabolism ; Soybeans ; chemistry

Zinc (Zn) deficiency in animals became of interest until the 1950s. In this paper, progresses in researches on physiology of Zn deficiency in animals, phytate effect on bioavailability of Zn, and role of phytase in healing Zn deficiency of animals were reviewed. Several studies demonstrated that Zn is recycled via the pancreas; the problem of Zn deficiency was controlled by Zn homeostasis. The endogenous secretion of Zn is considered as an important factor influencing Zn deficiency, and the critical molar ratio is 10. Phytate (inositol hexaphosphate) constituted up to 90% of the organically bound phosphorus in seeds. Great improvement has been made in recent years on isolating and measuring phytate, and its structure is clear. Phytate is considered to reduce Zn bioavailability in animal. Phytase is the enzyme that hydrolyzes phytate and is present in yeast, rye bran, wheat bran, barley, triticale, and many bacteria and fungi. Zinc nutrition and bioavailability can be enhanced by addition of phytase to animal feeds. Therefore, using phytase as supplements, the most prevalent Zn deficiency in animals may be effectively corrected without the mining and smelting of several tons of zinc daily needed to correct this deficiency by fortification worldwide.
6-Phytase ; metabolism ; Animals ; Phytic Acid ; metabolism ; pharmacology ; Skin Diseases ; metabolism ; pathology ; Zinc ; administration & dosage ; chemistry ; deficiency ; pharmacology

Phytic acid (PA) is the primary storage compound of phosphorus in seeds accounting for up to 80% of the total seed phosphorus and contributing as much as 1.5% to the seed dry weight. The negatively charged phosphate in PA strongly binds to metallic cations of Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn and Zn making them insoluble and thus unavailable as nutritional factors. Phytate mainly accumulates in protein storage vacuoles as globoids, predominantly located in the aleurone layer (wheat, barley and rice) or in the embryo (maize). During germination, phytate is hydrolysed by endogenous phytase(s) and other phosphatases to release phosphate, inositol and micronutrients to support the emerging seedling. PA and its derivatives are also implicated in RNA export, DNA repair, signalling, endocytosis and cell vesicular trafficking. Our recent studies on purification of phytate globoids, their mineral composition and dephytinization by wheat phytase will be discussed. Biochemical data for purified and characterized phytases isolated from more than 23 plant species are presented, the dephosphorylation pathways of phytic acid by different classes of phytases are compared, and the application of phytase in food and feed is discussed.
6-Phytase ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Animals ; Diet ; Environment ; Humans ; Iron ; metabolism ; Neoplasms ; prevention & control ; Phytic Acid ; chemistry ; metabolism ; pharmacology

PURPOSE: Inositol hexaphosphate (IP6) is a naturally occurring polyphosphorylated carbohydrate that has been shown to suppress the growth of epithelial cancer. Because IP6 is a dietary phytochemical present in cereals, soy, legumens, and fiber-rich foods, we evaluated the efficacy of IP6 against colon cancer formation. METHODS: HT-29 cells were injected into nude mice. The animals were fed a normal diet (group 1), a low IP6 diet (group 2), and a high IP6 diet (group 3) for 4 wk. Body weight, tumor volume, tumor growth rate, growth inhibition rate, and therapeutic ratio were monitored after injection of HT-29 cells. RESULTS: HT-29-cell human-colon-carcinoma xenograft mice treated with IP6 showed a significant reduction in tumor growth rate, irrespective of the IP6 dose compared to normal diet group. Compared with the control group, group 3 showed a significant reduction (45%) in tumor volume. In the therapeutic ratio gain profiles, IP6 diet groups showed a significant alteration of therapeutic ratio when compared with the normal diet group (0% vs. 11%, P=0.014). In the body weight gain profiles, group 3 showed a significant reduction of body weight compared with the other two groups (20.25 g vs. 21.6 g, 21.7 g, P=0.009). Groups 1 and 2 showed similar changes in body weight. Tumor xenografts from IP6-fed mice showed significantly decreased cancer formation and growth, but increased toxicity was noted for high doses of IP6. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that in the future, IP6 could be an effective chemopreventive or chemotherapeutic agent for use in the treatment of colon cancer.
Animals ; Body Weight ; Cell Line ; Edible Grain ; Colon ; Colonic Neoplasms ; Diet ; HT29 Cells ; Humans ; Mice ; Mice, Nude ; Phytic Acid ; Transplantation, Heterologous ; Tumor Burden

Inositol hexaphosphate (IP6) is a major constituent of most cereals, legumes, nuts, oil seeds and soybean. Previous studies reported the anticancer effect of IP6 and suggested that co-treatment of IP6 with inositol may enhance anticancer effect of IP6. Although the anticancer effect of IP6 has been intensively studied, the combinational effect of IP6 and inositol and involved mechanisms are not well understood so far. In the present study, we investigated the effect of IP6 and myo-inositol (MI) on cell cycle regulation and apoptosis using PC3 prostate cancer cell lines. When cells were co-treated with IP6 and MI, the extent of cell growth inhibition was significantly increased than that by IP6 alone. To identify the effect of IP6 and MI on apoptosis, the activity of caspase-3 was measured. The caspase-3 activity was significantly increased when cells were treated with either IP6 alone or both IP6 and MI, with no significant enhancement by co-treatment. To investigate the effect of IP6 and MI of cell cycle arrest, we measured p21 mRNA expression in PC3 cells and observed significant increase in p21 mRNA by IP6. But synergistic regulation by co-treatment with IP6 and MI was not observed. In addition, there was no significant effect by co-treatment compared to IP6 treatment on the regulation of cell cycle progression although IP6 significantly changed cell cycle distribution in the presence of MI or not. Therefore, these findings support that IP6 has anticancer function by induction of apoptosis and regulation of cell cycle. However, synergistic effect by MI on cell cycle regulation and apoptosis was not observed in PC3 prostate cancer cells.
Apoptosis ; Caspase 3 ; Cell Cycle ; Cell Cycle Checkpoints ; Cell Line ; Edible Grain ; Fabaceae ; Inositol ; Nuts ; Phytic Acid ; Prostate* ; Prostatic Neoplasms ; RNA, Messenger ; Soybeans

OBJECTIVESIn order to understand the absorption and utilization of calcium, iron and zinc in cow milk, soy milk powder and dephytinized soy milk powder in the children and adolescents, and to lay a foundation for the improvement of protein and mineral nutrition in Chinese residents with popularizing consumption of soy milk powder.

METHODSTotally, 57 boys aged 12 to 14 years were selected and divided into three groups, matched by age, hemoglobin concentration, height and weight. The boys were given 220 ml of fortified and dephytinized soy milk, soy milk or cow milk, respectively, containing calcium 270 mg, iron 4 mg and zinc 4 mg, which were labeled with stable isotopes (44)Ca, (58)Fe and (70)Zn in a single serving size, and their feces were labeled with brilliant blue and dysprosium. Feces specimens were collected for all the subjects and absorption rate of calcium, iron and zinc were measured for all the children who took fortified and dephytinized soy milk, soy milk or cow milk, respectively. Calcium in feces was measured with heat ionized mass spectrometry, and recovery of (58)Fe and (70)Zn in feces and content of dysprosium were measured with induction coupling iso-ionic mass spectrometry, and then absorption rates of iron and zinc were calculated and adjusted by the recovery rate of dysprosium.

RESULTSIron absorption rate was (6.7 +/- 3.8)% in soy milk powder group, (15.5 +/- 9.2)% in the cow milk group and (20.6 +/- 7.3)% in dephytinized soy milk powder group, respectively. Calcium absorption rate was (43.5 +/- 10.7)%, (64.2 +/- 11.4)%, and (50.9 +/- 6.6)% in the three groups, respectively. Absorption rate of zinc was (11.3 +/- 6.5)%, (31.2 +/- 10.4)% and (20.1 +/- 7.4)%, respectively. Significant increase in absorption of calcium, iron and zinc was observed in the groups with fortified and dephytinized soy milk powder, as compared with those consuming nondephytinized soy milk powder. Absorption rate of calcium and zinc was significantly higher in the group with cow milk than that in the group with dephytinized and fortified soy milk powder, and iron bioavailability was lower in the group with cow milk than that with dephytinized soy milk powder, with no significant difference. Absorption rates of calcium, iron and zinc were higher in children of China due to their long term adaptation to dietary intake of lower mineral and protein, and higher fiber.

CONCLUSIONSBioavailability of calcium, iron and zinc in soy milk powder could be increased by dephytinized treatment for it.

Absorption ; drug effects ; physiology ; Adolescent ; Calcium ; metabolism ; Child ; Food, Fortified ; Humans ; Iron ; metabolism ; Male ; Minerals ; metabolism ; Phytic Acid ; pharmacology ; Soybeans ; chemistry ; Zinc ; metabolism