AIMTo observe the effects of different periods of exercise on the iron status.

METHODSFemale rats were randomly divided into 3-, 6-, 12-month swimming exercise groups and their corresponding sedentary groups. The hematological indices of iron status and the non-heme iron (NHI) and total NHI (TNHI) of the organs were determined at the end of the desired period.

RESULTSAs compared with the corresponding sedentary groups, plasma iron and transferrin-iron saturation of three exercise groups were decreased without significant changes of blood hemoglobin and hematocrit. The NHI contents and TNHI of the liver, spleen and kidney were decreased. Although the NHI contents of the heart decreased, TNHI was not significantly changed. TNHI of the organs in both the exercised and sedentary rats were found to increase with age.

CONCLUSIONThe exercise-induced low iron status with depleted iron storage is similar to the iron-deficiency status, but it could not be explained using the hypothesis of iron deficiency. Both the NHI redistribution and the maintained iron storage suggests the adaptation of low iron status to exercise. Therefore, the so-called exercise-induced iron deficiency could not exist.

Animals ; Female ; Hematocrit ; Iron ; deficiency ; metabolism ; Physical Conditioning, Animal ; physiology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Swimming ; physiology

OBJECTIVETo explore the delayed protection of exercise preconditioning from the relative myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury.

METHODSThe experiment included the vivo experiment and the vitro experiment, 32 Wistar rats in each experiment were divided into 4 groups randomly: control group (CN), relative ischemia reperfusion group (IR), exercise preconditioning group (EP) and Exercise preconditioning + relative ischemia-reperfusion group (EI). We detected the third loading exercise time, the levels of MDA in serum in vivo experiment and the Cardiac function parameter, the levels of MDA in coronary effluent in vitro experiment.

RESULTS(1) The vivo experiment: The third loading exercise time of EI group [(71.67 +/- 9.00) min] increased significantly compared with that of IR group [(58.67 +/- 4.13) min] (P < 0.05); The levels of MDA in serum of EP group (107.00 +/- 35.99) micromol/L and EI group [(152.23 +/- 29.94) micromol/L] decreased significantly contrasted to IR group (313.20 +/- 43.40 micromol/L) (P < 0.05). (2) The vitro experiment: The PRP (heart rate * left ventricular developed pressure) in reperfusion period of CN group and EP group were stable relatively, while it reached the peak after 30 minutes and almost recovered to the level before ischemia in EI group. The parameter of IR group recovered slightly but was lower significantly than that before ischemia. There was significant difference between the recovery rate of Cardiac function of EI group and that of IR group. The increase of MDA in coronary effluent after Ischemia-reperfusion of EP group (0.34 +/- 0.24 micromol/L) and EI group [(0.41 +/- 0.26) micromol/L] decreased significantly contrasted to that of IR group [(1.27 +/- 0.52) micromol/L] (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONEP has the obvious delayed protection from the relative myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Adaptation, Biological ; Animals ; Male ; Myocardial Reperfusion Injury ; physiopathology ; Physical Conditioning, Animal ; physiology ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar

OBJECTIVETo observe the modulatory effect of subthalamic nucleus (STN) on activity of motor cortex during exhausting exercise.

METHODSElectrocorticogram (ECoG) and local field potentials (LFPs) recording techniques were applied simultaneously to observe the dynamic changes of oscillations in sensorimotor area and STN of rat during exhausting exercise.

RESULTSRats ran well initiatively with treadmill at the beginning of the exercise, about 45 min (45 +/- 11.5) later, movement capacity reduced. Corresponding electrical property showed that STN activity increased significantly while activity of cortex decreased significantly. Subsequently rats continued exercise with minor external stimulation utill exhaustion. Activity of ECoG reached the minimum under exhausting stations (P < 0.01), while the activity of LFPs changed insignificantly (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONDuring the exhausting exercise, the cortex activity was extensively depressed with the development of fatigue, while the activity of STN increased significantly at the early stage of fatigue, STN took part in the modulation of central fatigue through negative induction. And the increase of STN activity may be one of the key measures accounting for protective inhibition.

Animals ; Cerebral Cortex ; physiology ; Electrophysiological Phenomena ; physiology ; Male ; Neurons ; physiology ; Physical Conditioning, Animal ; physiology ; Physical Exertion ; physiology ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Subthalamic Nucleus ; physiology

OBJECTIVE: To understand and analyze the rules of endurance exercise on the cerebral cortex adaptive mechanism in aged rats. METHODS: In this study, 3-month-old (n=20), 13-month-old (n=24) and 23-month-old (n=24) specific-pathogen free (SPF) male Sprague-Dawley Rat (SD) rats were divided into young (Y-SED), middle-aged (M-SED) and old-aged (O-SED) sedentary control group, and the corresponding Y-EX, M-EX and O-EX in the endurance exercise runner group. The 10-weeks of regular moderate-intensity aerobic exercise intervention were carried out in the endurance exercise runner group. The exercise mode is treadmill exercise (slope 0), and the exercise intensity gradually increases from 60%～65% of the maximum oxygen consumption (V·O) to 70%～75%, and the exercise time is 10 weeks. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining was used to detect age-related morphological changes. The expressions of superoxide dismutase(SOD) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and the expressions of synapsin 1 (SYN1) and Ca/calmodulin- dependent protein kinases IIα (CaMK IIα) / AMP-activated protein kinase α1(AMPKα1) / mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway -related genes were detected. RESULTS: The cerebral cortex structure of the rats in each group showed age-related aging changes, the expression of SOD in the cortex showed a gradual decline, the expression of BDNF showed an age-increasing trend, and the expression levels of SYN1 and CaMK IIα were increased with age. The changes in AMPKα1 and SirT2 and IP3R, AKT1 and mTOR mRNA levels were increased slightly in middle-aged rats and decreased in aged rats. Compared with the rats in each sedentary control group, the nucleus of the cerebral cortex was tightly arranged and the number of nuclei observed under the microscope was increased significantly in each exercise group. Exercise promoted the expressions of SOD, BDNF and synaptophysin SYN1 in the cortex of rats, and the expression levels of SOD and BDNF in aged rats were up-regulated significantly (P＜ 0.01). The expression level of SYN1 in rats was up-regulated significantly (P＜0.05) in the young and aged rats. The expression of CaMK IIα in the cortex of middle-aged and aged rats was up-regulated (P＜0.01), while the expression level of CaMK IIα in young rats was down-regulated (P＜0.01). Exercise could up-regulate the expression level of AMPKα1 in the cortex of young rats (P＜ 0.05), but not in middle-aged and old-age rats. Exercise could up-regulate the expression of SirT2 in the cortex of rats in all age groups (P＜0.05). Exercise up-regulated the expression of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (IP3R)/ protein kinase B 1(AKT1) /mTOR in the cortex of rats, among which young IP3R was significantly up-regulated (P＜0.01) in the young group, mTOR was significantly up-regulated in young and middle-aged group (P＜0.01), and mTOR was also significantly up-regulated in the aged group (P＜0.05). CONCLUSION Endurance exercise up-regulates BDNF expression, regulates CaMKIIα signaling, activates AMPK signaling pathway and IP3R / AKT1 / mTOR signaling pathway, and improves synaptic plasticity in the cortex.
Age Factors ; Animals ; Cerebral Cortex ; physiology ; Male ; Neuronal Plasticity ; Physical Conditioning, Animal ; Physical Endurance ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Signal Transduction

Prediction of potential performance is one of the goals of exercise physiology investigations. When Selecting a horse for competition, one of the main objectives is to choose the one that predictably will reveal a competitive aptitude above the average. The horses used in this study underwent a two-dimensional echocardiography study and a conventional 3 leads electrocardiogram. The results show that heart score is not an appropriate index to evaluate the heart size in the horse. On the other hand, there are currently more suitable and accurate procedures such as echocardiography that allow performing a clear anatomical evaluation and accurate measurement in order to calculate LVMM and to predict performance.
Animals ; Echocardiography/*veterinary ; Electrocardiography/*veterinary ; Female ; Heart/*physiology ; Horses/*physiology ; Male ; *Physical Conditioning, Animal ; Predictive Value of Tests

Animals ; Aorta, Thoracic ; physiology ; Endothelium ; blood supply ; Male ; Physical Conditioning, Animal ; physiology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Vasodilation

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effects of exhaustive exercise on contraction mediated by beta-adrenoceptor (beta-AR) in rat cardiac myocytes and to analyze the mechanism by which cardiac systolic dysfunction is caused after exhaustive exercise.

METHODSSixteen SD rats were divided randomly into sedentary group and trained group. Cardiac myocytes were isolated from sedentary group and trained group after five times of exhaustive exercise in one week. Shortening response to norepinephrine (NE), time-to-peak contraction (TTP) and time-to-95% relaxation (R95) were measured after alpha1-AR were blocked. Also shortening responses to different levels of NE were observed.

RESULTSShortening amplitudes in trained rat cardiomyocytes were lower than that in sedentary group. Compared with sedentary group, shortening amplitudes induced by beta-AR stimulation were significantly decreased, meanwhile TTPs and R95 were prolonged when beta-AR were activated in trained rat cardiomyocytes. beta-AR responsiveness to NE was weakened in trained group compared with that in sedentary group.

CONCLUSIONDecreased shortening cardiomyocyte systolic function stimulating by beta-AR could result in cardiac systolic dysfunction after exhaustive exercise.

Animals ; Male ; Myocardial Contraction ; Myocytes, Cardiac ; physiology ; Physical Conditioning, Animal ; physiology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1 ; blood

BACKGROUNDLittle is known about the value of (31)P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((31)P-MRS) in in vivo assessment of exhaustive exercise-induced injury in skeletal muscle. We aimed to evaluate the value of a (31)P-MRS study using the quadriceps femoris after a single bout of acute exhaustive swimming in rats, and the correlation between (31)P-MRS and histological changes.

METHODSSixty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to control, half-exhaustive, and exhaustive exercise groups. (31)P-MRS of the quadriceps femoris of the right lower limb was performed immediately after swimming exercise to detect Pi, PCr, and β-ATP. The Pi/PCr, Pi/β-ATP, PCr/β-ATP, and PCr/(PCr+Pi) were calculated and pH measured. Areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUCs) were calculated to evaluate the diagnostic potential of (31)P-MRS in identifying and distinguishing the three groups. HE staining, electron microscopy and desmin immunostaining after imaging of the muscle were used as a reference standard. The correlation between (31)P-MRS and the mean absorbance (A value) of desmin staining were analyzed with the Pearson correlation test.

RESULTSPi, PCr, Pi/PCr, and PCr/(PCr+Pi) showed statistically significant intergroup differences (P < 0.05). AUCs of Pi, PCr, Pi/PCr, and PCr/(PCr+Pi) were 0.905, 0.848, 0.930, and 0.930 for the control and half-exhaustive groups, while sensitivity and specificity were 90%/85%, 95%/55%, 95%/80%, and 90%/85%, respectively. The AUCs of Pi, PCr, Pi/PCr and PCr/(PCr+Pi) were 0.995, 0.980, 1.000, and 1.000 for the control and exhaustive groups, while sensitivity and specificity were 95%/90%, 100%/90%, 100%/95%, and 100%/95%, respectively. The AUCs of Pi, PCr, Pi/PCr, and PCr/(PCr+Pi) were 0.735, 0.865, 0.903, and 0.903 for the half-exhaustive and exhaustive groups, while sensitivity and specificity were 80%/60%, 90%/75%, 95%/65%, and 95%/70%, respectively. In the half-exhaustive group, some muscle fibers exhibited edema in HE staining, and the unclear Z-discs and the mitochondria with vacuolar degeneration under electron microscopy. Compared with the half-exhaustive group, muscle fiber edema was increased in the exhaustive group, and the Z-discs were broken and the mitochondria exhibited marked vacuolar degeneration under electron microscopy. There were significant difference in A values of desmin staining in the right vastus lateralis among the control, half-exhaustive, and exhaustive groups with 0.58 ± 0.06, 0.30 ± 0.04, and 0.21 ± 0.02, respectively (P < 0.05). Histological examination also showed injury-induced changes in the vastus lateralis among the different intensities groups. Statistically a moderate correlation between (31)P-MRS and desmin was observed, the correlation coefficients of Pi, PCr, Pi/PCr, and PCr/(PCr+Pi) were -0.706, 0.709, -0.726, and 0.791, respectively (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS(31)P-MRS can effectively reflect the changes in energy metabolism in the skeletal muscle after a single bout of acute exhaustive swimming in rats. Based on the significant correlation between (31)P-MRS parameters and histological changes, the changes of Pi, PCr, Pi/PCr, and PCr/(PCr+Pi) can indirectly reflect the degree of exercise-induced injury.

Animals ; Energy Metabolism ; physiology ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; methods ; Male ; Physical Conditioning, Animal ; physiology ; Quadriceps Muscle ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

To investigate the effect of treadmill running on the ability of learning in young rats, male Sprague-Dawley rats (5 weeks of age) were used for the experiment. Animals were randomly divided into the control and running groups (n=15 in each group). The rats in running group were made run on a motor-driven treadmill for 1 week at a speed of 2 m/min for the first 5 min, at a speed of 5 m/min for the next 5 min, then at a speed of 8 m/min for the last 20 min. Then the Morris water maze was used to observe learning and memory ability of rats in both groups. The tests consisted of place navigation and spatial probe test. We found that, in place navigation training, the latency of rats in running group was less than that in control group (P<0.05); and from the third training session on, there was significant difference between the rats in control and running groups in swimming velocity (P<0.01); furthermore, it was observed that the rats in running group had stronger motivation and more exact orientation in searching for platform, which could be indicated by the index of turn angle and angular velocity. In spatial probe test, there was no significant difference between the two groups in swimming velocity, percentage of swimming distance and frequency of crossing platform in D quadrant, where the platform situated (P>0.05). These findings suggest that low speed treadmill running can enhance the ability of learning in young rats.
Age Factors ; Animals ; Male ; Maze Learning ; physiology ; Memory ; physiology ; Physical Conditioning, Animal ; physiology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Spatial Behavior ; physiology ; Swimming ; physiology

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of training on prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, and fibrinogen (Fb) concentrations in horses to assess potential adaptive response to training. Fifteen clinically healthy horses were enrolled in the present study and equally divided into three groups. Group A completed an intense training program, group B participated in a light training program, and group C included sedentary horses. After 5 weeks, group B was subjected to the same training program completed by group A and renamed group B1. Blood samples were collected by jugular venipuncture from each animal at rest and analyzed within 2 h after sampling. A two-way ANOVA for repeated measures showed a significant effect of training (p < 0.05) on Fb concentrations in group B1 alone during the first week after changing the training program. Our findings demonstrated that Fb is a parameter susceptible to training. Fb plasma levels increase with a more intense training program. However, Fb plasma levels decreased after the first week and returned to basel levels, suggesting that the horses had adapted to the new training program.
Animals ; Female ; Fibrinogen/*metabolism ; Horses/*physiology ; Male ; Partial Thromboplastin Time/*veterinary ; *Physical Conditioning, Animal ; Prothrombin Time/*veterinary