Photorhabdus is a Gram-negative bacterium from the family Enterobacteriaceae that lives in a symbiotic association with nematode or insects. In addition to the role of being insect pathogens, one species called Photorhabdus asymbiotica (Pa) causes human infection around the world. Nevertheless, how does this transkingdom infection occur remains elusive. Here we focus on one pathogenic determinant called Photorhabdus virulence cassette (PVC) that is founded in the Pa genome and many other pathogens. The RNA-seq and qPCR data showed that the NF-κB and MAPK pathways were drastically activated in the PVC-treated mammalian macrophages. Western blotting assays using samples treated with various inhibitors of the affected pathways confirmed the results we have observed for MAPK pathway previously. p65 translocation assays validated the NF-κB activation in the macrophages after PVC treatment. Moreover, the bacterial phagocytosis by macrophage was also promoted by PVC at the early stage, and this phagocytosis was inhibited by cytoskeleton inhibitors. Thus, the results indicated that PVC is involved in the bacterial invasion by activating NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathway, providing a new perspective for analyzing the pathogenicity of Pa in human infections.
Animals ; Humans ; Macrophages ; NF-kappa B/genetics* ; Photorhabdus ; Signal Transduction ; Virulence