The basic requirements for photomicrography of neurosurgery include the following : 1) proper microscope and accessories. 2) good knowledge about the surgical microscope and photographic instrument. 3) proper exposure. 4) sharp focus with adequate depth of field. 5) removal of factors which could cause a bad result. We will discuss about the set up of surgical microscope including photographic instruments and photographic technique.
Neurosurgery ; Photography ; Photomicrography

A fast microscopic image mosaicing method is proposed in this paper by making a study of the mosaic methods and the characteristics of microscopic images. In the paper, invariant local features based on normalized moment of inertia (NMI) are used to select the matching points and calculate the spatial translation. The experimental results demonstrate that this algorithm can achieve fast, effective microscopic image mosaicing.
Algorithms ; Image Enhancement ; methods ; Photomicrography ; methods

We proposed and realized a new device that acquires microscopic image wirelessly based on mobile phone and WiFi system. The mobile terminals could record, display and store the image from the far end via the wireless LAN. Using this system, a series of conceptual experiments on monitoring the microscopic images of common objects and liver cancer cells were successfully demonstrated. This system is expected to have important value in the experimental investigations on wirelessly monitoring the cell culture, and small insect etc.
Cell Phone ; Humans ; Liver Neoplasms ; Photomicrography ; methods ; Tumor Cells, Cultured ; Wireless Technology

A human fundus transverse microscopic imaging system based on a MEMS deformable membrane mirror was developed. A 37 element small MEMS deformable membrane mirror was used as wave front corrector in this system. Wavefront errors were measured by a Hartman-Shack wave front sensor which contains 127 micro lens lets. After the wavefront error of human eye had been corrected by the deformable membrane mirror under the control of a computer, the imaging illumination light was triggered by a electronic shutter to illuminate the retina, the images were captured by a CCD camera. It has been showed in model eye's test that the system could measure and correct the eye's wavefront aberration efficiently. The fundus image achieved the diffraction limit after aberration correction. It was showed in clinic that except a few patients with turbid eye, most patients could finish the process of measuring and correcting wavefront aberration and then taking fundus image. The examination process could be finished safely, quickly and reliably.
Diagnostic Imaging ; instrumentation ; methods ; Equipment Design ; Fundus Oculi ; Humans ; Lighting ; Microcomputers ; Ophthalmoscopes ; Photomicrography ; instrumentation ; methods

BACKGROUND: The depth of graft harvest and the residual dermis available for reepithelization primarily influence the healing of split-skin graft donor sites. When the thigh region is chosen, the authors hypothesize based on thickness measurements that the anterolateral region is the optimal donor site. METHODS: Full-thickness skin specimens were sampled from the anteromedial, anterior, and anterolateral regions of human cadavers. Skin specimens were cut perpendicularly with a custom-made precision apparatus to avoid the overestimation of thickness measurements. The combined epidermal and dermal thicknesses (overall skin thickness) were measured using a digital calliper. The specimens were histologically stained to visualize their basement membrane, and microscopy images were captured. Since the epidermal thickness varies across the specimen, a stereological method was used to eliminate observer bias. RESULTS: Epidermal thickness represented 2.5% to 9.9% of the overall skin thickness. There was a significant difference in epidermal thickness from one region to another (P<0.05). The anterolateral thigh region had the most consistent and highest mean epidermal thickness (60+/-3.2 microm). We observed that overall skin thickness increased laterally from the anteromedial region to the anterior and anterolateral regions of the thigh. The overall skin thickness measured 1,032+/-435 microm in the anteromedial region compared to 1,220+/-257 microm in the anterolateral region. CONCLUSIONS: Based on skin thickness measurements, the anterolateral thigh had the thickest epidermal and dermal layers. We suggest that the anterolateral thigh region is the optimal donor site for split-skin graft harvests from the thigh.
Basement Membrane ; Cadaver* ; Dermatologic Surgical Procedures ; Dermis ; Humans ; Microscopy ; Observer Variation ; Photomicrography ; Skin* ; Thigh* ; Tissue Donors* ; Transplants*

Thyroid tumours with both papillary and medullary carcinoma features are rare and represent less than 1% of all thyroid malignancies. These tumours have a different clinical presentation and biological behaviour from tumours that have only papillary or medullary carcinoma features. The phenomenon of mixed thyroid tumours can be observed in two settings--a mixed tumour showing dual differentiation, or a collision tumour. For a precise diagnosis of this rare mixed thyroid carcinoma, fine needle aspiration cytology results should be correlated with serum calcitonin and thyroglobulin levels. The diagnosis should also be confirmed using immunocytochemistry. Surgery is the treatment of choice, and the role of postoperative radioiodine is controversial. We herein report the case of a 35-year-old man with a mixed medullary-papillary carcinoma of the thyroid, which presented with C-cell hyperplasia, granulomatous inflammation and metastasis to the cervical lymph nodes. The patient was treated with total thyroidectomy and nodal clearance. This case highlights the need for awareness of coexistent entities as they warrant separate treatments.
Adult ; Carcinoma, Medullary ; pathology ; surgery ; Carcinoma, Papillary ; pathology ; surgery ; Humans ; Inflammation ; pathology ; Lymphatic Metastasis ; Male ; Neoplasms, Multiple Primary ; pathology ; surgery ; Photomicrography ; Thyroid Neoplasms ; pathology ; surgery ; Thyroidectomy

BACKGROUND: Neuropathic pain is part of the symptom complex known as peripheral neuropathy. Sensory loss, muscle weakness, atrophy, and decreased tendon reflexes are more common than pain in neuropathic disease. Recently, Bennett and Xie reported that when the sciatic nerve of a rat is loosely ligated, the rat develops pain syndrome similar to that observed in neuropathic pain states in a human. Anatomical and physiological studies to date indicate that the major pathological finding in large diameter myelinated fibers distal to the ligatures was a complex loss of response while in small myelinated fibers there were was only subtle changes. However, a more extensive analysis of the various nerve fiber groups in the damaged sciatic nerve is required for a better understanding of the pathophysiology of the present neuropathy. METHODS: To evaluate the damage and regeneration of all caliber of peripheral nerve, we performed an electron microscopic analysis of the sciatic nerve after four loose ligatures were applied. Cross- sectional photomicrographies of regions distal to the ligatures were studied. A peripheral mononeuropathy was produced in adult rats by tying 4 ligatures loosely around the common sciatic nerve. The distal part of the ligated common sciatic nerve was severed in 2 rats of each group at 1 day, 3 days, 1 week, 2 weeks and 4 weeks respectively. The severed nerves were prepared for electron microscopic examination and pathologic changes were observed under the electron microscope. RESULTS: The ultrastructural changes after ligature application were as follows: At 1 day, the axon of A-beta fiber was shrunken and detached from the myelin sheath. C-fibers were mildly edematous and A-delta fibers appeared to be normal. On the 3rd day, the axoplasm of A-beta fibers was more shrunken, containing swelling of microorganelles and irregularly thickened myelin sheath. C-fiber showed some degrees of degeneration. A-delta fibers revealed mild degeneration and interstitial edema was also noted. At 1 week, the myelin sheaths of A-beta fibers were severely irregular in appearance with marked axonal loss. Many myelin fragments were phagocytosed in the cytoplasm of adjacent Schwann cells. At 2 weeks, A-beta fibers predominantly disappeared and many fragmented myelin sheaths were ingested in the Schwann cell. In some areas, A-beta fibers partially regenerated, which involved remyelination and an increase in the numbers of microorganelles of the Schwann cells. C-fibers were also regenerated. At 4 weeks after sciatic nerve ligation, A-beta fibers regenerated and myelin ovoids were noted within the axoplasm of the A-beta fibers. Myelin ovoids were found in the Schwann cell cytoplasm. A-delta fibers and C-fibers appeared ultrastructurally well-regenerated and had a relatively normal distribution. CONCLUSIONS: We found that maximal nerve degeneration was observed at 2 weeks after sciatic nerve ligation, thereafter, nerve regeneration was noted at 4 weeks after sciatic nerve ligation.
Adult ; Animals ; Atrophy ; Axons ; Cytoplasm ; Edema ; Humans ; Ligation ; Mononeuropathies ; Muscle Weakness ; Myelin Sheath ; Nerve Degeneration ; Nerve Fibers* ; Nerve Regeneration ; Neuralgia* ; Peripheral Nerves ; Peripheral Nervous System Diseases ; Photomicrography ; Rats* ; Reflex, Stretch ; Regeneration ; Schwann Cells ; Sciatic Nerve