BACKGROUND: A quantitative, rather than visual, assessment of the outcomes of facial surgery has recently become increasingly important, and this is best accomplished using anthropometry. However, most anthropometric methods have limited applicability in office settings. METHODS: We conducted preliminary studies on images of a 30-cm straight edge ruler with various camera-to-object distances (OD) and aperture sizes, and identified a convenient range of ODs and the most reliable aperture size of our camera for photogrammetry. Subsequently, we measured various lengths circumjacent to the center of the ruler in the images of different ODs with a graphics viewer program and calibrated the raw data using the central 20-mm length. We obtained a reliable circle in our camera's viewfinder from a chart of percentage differences between the calibrated data and coupled real ruler lengths. Following this, we replaced the concept of the central 20-mm length with a geometric sphere 20-mm in diameter, and applied it to clinical photogrammetry. RESULTS: The percentage differences were almost directly proportional to the real lengths. This value was below 0.48% in the central 160-mm of all images within an OD range of 50 to 125 cm. In clinical applications, the greatest difference compared to direct measurements was 0.97 mm. CONCLUSIONS: Using a graphics viewer program, we performed anthropometric measurements of images that included a sphere of known size, without printing the images; the difference between these and direct measurements was <1 mm. This method is simple enough for use in an office setting.
Anthropometry ; Methods ; Photogrammetry*

In plastic surgery, patient photography is a vital component of clinical, educational, legal, and research documentation. Optimal acquisition of photographic data requires a dedicated photography studio or a three-dimensional anatomic scanner, both of which are financially impractical for most clinicians. Simplified photo standardization is proposed for use in random clinical settings by using a portable device called the Mirror Stand (MirS). This model device aims to mimic a studio environment by incorporating the basic elements of producing consistent photographs. The pilot MirS is designed for facial photography. Images of 40 random subjects were obtained using the MirS with three different cameras. Real anthropometric measurements of each subject were collected, compared with the photographic measurements, and analyzed. In this study, all three cameras produced equally reliable measurements. Actual facial measurements were comparable to the photogrammetric measurements obtained from photographs taken using the MirS. A constant formula was derived; it allowed the conversion of photographic values into real anthropometric values. The MirS produced consistent photographs with respect to the measurements. The photographs obtained could be translated reliably into their real anthropometric measurements. Therefore, the MirS can be applied in daily practice, providing an efficient alternative for obtaining a standard justifiable photograph.
Anthropometry ; Cephalometry ; Humans ; Photogrammetry ; Photography ; Surgery, Plastic

We carried out several anthropological measurements of the eye and nose in the Uygur living in Xinjiang Province, the Uygur autonomous region in the west China, as a part of works to investigate the anthropological traits of the Uygur. The number of sample was 214 (120 males and 94 females) in the western area and 248 (182 males and 66 females) in the eastern area of the province, all of whom were over 18 in age. The items were 13 in all·9 items regarding to the eye and 4 to the nose. The measurements were executed using image analyzer on the photographs taken from front, 45° left lateral, and 90° left lateral side. The western and eastern areas were regarded as experimental groups and the measured values were compared with each other. In addition, the values were also compared to those of the Korean already published. In males, the eastern people showed somewhat wider nasal breadth (ala-ala) and larger corneal diameter. There was also a tendency for the palpabral fissure to be more inclined, and for the interectocanthal distance to be larger in eastern males than those in the west. Regarding females, the easterner revealed wider intercanthal distance, and shorter and more inclined palpabral fissure than in the westerner. The corneal diameter was larger in the easterner as was the ease in males. Compared with the previously published Korean measurements, the easterner showed more approximated values in almost all items than the westerner, regardless of the sex.
China* ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Nose* ; Photogrammetry

It is possible to compare three-dimensional image of patterned injury in virtual space with object using 3D/CAD supported photogrammetry(FPHG). this method make it possible to examine patterned injuries of skin, soft tissue and bone for matching instruments in shape, size and angle without altering. Generally, 3D measuring of objects require 3D digitizer or series of photographs taking by metric camera. We developed program which calibrate pictures taken by non-calibrated commercial camera and un distorted image. This image and objet model n can be examined with respect to matching shapes using 3D/CAD system.
Imaging, Three-Dimensional ; Photogrammetry ; Skin ; United Nations

Facial contouring surgery is a one of the most common and popular procedure in the field of plastic surgery. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of photogrammetric analysis by measuring preoperatively and postoperatively in the patients who were undertaken reduction malarplasty. From January 1995 to May 1999, from thirty patients of reduction malarplasty, Photography of life size - frontal view, lateral view, worm's eye view - were taken. The photograph was analyzed by the same surgeon to reduce an analytic error. The distance between both malar eminences and both zygions was the anatomical landmarks. The differences between pre- and postoperative photographic distance represented the results of the operation. The distance between both malar eminences (ME): preop/postop = 94 - 105 mm/89 - 99 mm. The distance between both zygions(ZY): preop/postop = 125 - 141 mm/ 120 - 135 mm. The reduction values of ME-ME/ZY-ZY are 3 -13 mm / 4 - 12 mm. The photogrammetric analysis of reduction malarplasty was very practical in measuring postoperative changes. We may assume that photogrammetric analysis may be very useful tool on preoperative diagnosis, plan and analysis of result of operation.
Diagnosis ; Humans ; Photogrammetry* ; Photography ; Surgery, Plastic

The aim of this study is to measure and to analyze the Buddha's face of Korea dynasty and Joseon dynasty in buddhist paintings. We also attempted to compare the Buddha's face with the face of the beauty of Joseon dynasty. Six paintings of the Korea dynasty and ten paintings of the Joseon dynasty were analyzed. Twenty anthropometric items on each paintings were measured and 17 proportional indices were calculated. There was no significant differences between the proportions of the Buddha's face of the Korea and Joseon dynasty except the thickness of the vermilion where the Korea dynasty were thicker than Joseon dynasty. Proportions of the Buddha's face was very similar to that of Beauty of Jeseon dynasty except three points. The differences are as follow. First, Buddha's ears are longer than the beauty's. Second, Buddha's eye inclination was higher than the beauty's. Third, Buddha's vermilion was thicker than the beauty's. The similarity of the proportions of the face of Buddha and the beauty strongly suggest that in the Korea dynasty and Joseon dynasty, the ideal face were regarded as Buddha's face.
Beauty ; Ear ; Korea* ; Paint* ; Paintings* ; Photogrammetry

In the morphologic study on the face, it is very important fact that one must analyze not only anomalous structures but also proportional problems of face. Authors analyzed photographs in frontal views of Korean and Western famous female entertainers, which was secondary and supplementary analysis after "BAPA (Balanced Angular Profile Analysis)" This was also a preliminary study for developing a new computerized program of facial analysis. Authors extracted 56 famous female entertainers' photographs (30 Koreans, 26 Westerns) from Internet websites. When performing sampling procedures, authors made strict criteria for selection of photographs in frontal view. We executed 20 proportional measures and 4 angular measures for the analysis. Statistical analysis using SAS program (Version 8.1. USA), was performed. Data from each group(Korean versus Western) were presented to show the means, ranges, P and F values, and standard deviations of each measurement. In addition, the Student t-test(with significance level set to P=0.05) was performed to compare the two groups. Significant between-group proportional differences(P<0.05) were found for middle face height, brow height, interpupil width, eye fissure width, nasal height, interala width, upper lip height, and mandible height but no significant racial differences were found in terms of several proportions and all of the angular measures. If automated computer program is developed based on our data, we can use our data for useful tools for the first consultation process, and suggest that appropriate and harmonious aesthetic operations should be considered reflecting these differences.
Female ; Humans ; Internet ; Lip ; Mandible ; Photogrammetry

BACKGROUND: This study evaluated dynamic changes in eyebrow position related to aging. METHODS: Female participants were recruited and separated into two groups aged 20–30 years (the younger group, n=20; mean age, 24.8 years) and 50–70 years (the older group, n=20; mean age, 55.8 years). Photogrammetry was used to determine the eyebrow position at the medial canthus (MC), lateral limbus, lateral canthus, and lateral end point (EP) for 6 actions: smooth opening (the reference action) and closing of the eye, forward gaze, maximum opening and closing of the eye, and maximum frown. Videos were also recorded. RESULTS: No differences in eyebrow position were detected at the MC when opening or closing the eyes smoothly, gazing straight ahead, or closing the eyes maximally. For all 6 actions, the position of the lateral EP in the older group was significantly lower than in the younger group (P=0.003), and the smallest degree of vertical movement at this point was found in both age groups (P<0.001). Vertical movement at the 4 landmarks of the eyebrows decreased with aging. CONCLUSIONS: Eyebrow position was unchanged at the MC with aging, except at maximal eye opening and maximal frown. No differences in eyebrow position were observed between the younger and older groups when eyes were maximally closed, except at the EP. It is important to focus on correction of the lateral EP for periorbital rejuvenation.
Aging* ; Anthropometry ; Eyebrows* ; Female ; Humans ; Lacrimal Apparatus ; Photogrammetry ; Physiology ; Rejuvenation

PURPOSE: Photogrammetry has been introduced as an alternative to direct measurement to obtain facial distances for a variety of anthropometric applications. The aim of this study is to establish morphological and functional value of an eye in Korean youths using specially designed computer software with digital photographic images. METHODS: Authors measured anthropometry of an eye in Korean youths 1,449 individuals(622 males, 827 females) and analyzed stastically them. RESULTS: The mean measurements are as follows. The diameter of cornea was 11.6+/-0.9mm in males and 11.3+/-0.9mm in females. The vertical dimension of palpebral fissure was 7.4+/-1.7mm in males and 8.2+/-1.6mm in females. The intercanthal width was 35.8+/-3.2mm in males and 34.4+/-2.9mm in females. The biocular width was 90.4+/-5.7mm in males and 87.4+/-5.3mm in females. The endocantion-superior margin of palpebral fissure distance was 12.7+/-1.4mm in males and 11.6+/-1.4mm in females. The horizontal dimension of palpebral fissure was 28.5+/-2.2mm in males and 27.4+/-1.9mm in females. The slant of palpebral fissure was 10.7+/-2.6degrees in males and 11.3+/-3.0degrees in females. The height of upper eyelid was 10.6+/-2.3mm in males and 10.7+/-2.3mm in females. The width of double fold was 2.0+/-0.7mm in males and 1.9+/-0.6 mm in females. A double fold was seen in 21.9% of males and 44.9% of females. The most frequent shape of the double fold was type IV. The most common type of epicanthal fold was type III in both males and females. CONCLUSION: Photogrammetic measurement of large population using specially designed software could offer reliable data and these data could be useful reference for preoperative consultation, surgical planning and anthropometic study of eye.
Adolescent* ; Anthropometry ; Cornea ; Eyelids ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Photogrammetry ; Vertical Dimension

PURPOSE: Photogrammetry has been introduced as an alternative to direct measurement to obtain facial distances for a variety of anthropometric applications. The aim of this study is to establish morphological and functional value of an eye in Korean youths using specially designed computer software with digital photographic images. METHODS: Authors measured anthropometry of an eye in Korean youths 1,449 individuals(622 males, 827 females) and analyzed stastically them. RESULTS: The mean measurements are as follows. The diameter of cornea was 11.6+/-0.9mm in males and 11.3+/-0.9mm in females. The vertical dimension of palpebral fissure was 7.4+/-1.7mm in males and 8.2+/-1.6mm in females. The intercanthal width was 35.8+/-3.2mm in males and 34.4+/-2.9mm in females. The biocular width was 90.4+/-5.7mm in males and 87.4+/-5.3mm in females. The endocantion-superior margin of palpebral fissure distance was 12.7+/-1.4mm in males and 11.6+/-1.4mm in females. The horizontal dimension of palpebral fissure was 28.5+/-2.2mm in males and 27.4+/-1.9mm in females. The slant of palpebral fissure was 10.7+/-2.6degrees in males and 11.3+/-3.0degrees in females. The height of upper eyelid was 10.6+/-2.3mm in males and 10.7+/-2.3mm in females. The width of double fold was 2.0+/-0.7mm in males and 1.9+/-0.6 mm in females. A double fold was seen in 21.9% of males and 44.9% of females. The most frequent shape of the double fold was type IV. The most common type of epicanthal fold was type III in both males and females. CONCLUSION: Photogrammetic measurement of large population using specially designed software could offer reliable data and these data could be useful reference for preoperative consultation, surgical planning and anthropometic study of eye.
Adolescent* ; Anthropometry ; Cornea ; Eyelids ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Photogrammetry ; Vertical Dimension