OBJECTIVETo study the effects of fertilizers with the different proportional of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on growth and active ingredient of Astragalus membranaceus.

METHODField experiment was conducted based on the D-saturation optimal design with three factors of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. The effects on growth and active ingredient of A. membranaceus were analyzed.

RESULTFertilization promoted the seedling growth and provided abundant supply of nutrition for growth of root, yield and accumulation of active ingredient at the later growth stage, and increased the accumulation of dry matter of stem-leaf and root system. The effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium application on the total dry matter accumulation of A. membranaceus was as following: nitrogen > potassium > phosphorus; the effect on the stem-leaf dry matter accumulation was as following: nitrogen > phosphorus > potassium; the effect on the root dry matter accumulation was as following: nitrogen > potassium > phosphorus. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer increased the root yield of A. membranaceus. Obviously, the effect on the root yield was as following: nitrogen > potassium > phosphorus. The application of different proportional with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium increased the content of polysaccharide and astragaloside, but had no distinct effect on the content of total flavonoids. The effect on the content of polysaccharide was as following: potassium > phosphorus > nitrogen, but the effect on the conten,t of astragaloside was as following: nitrogen > potassium > phosphorus.

CONCLUSIONNitrogen and potassium fertilizer application had more important effect on growth, yield and the contents of polysaccharide and astragaloside in A. membranaceus. During medicinal plants cultivation process, it should pay attention to the application of nitrogen fertilizer and potassium fertilizer and make balance application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer.

Astragalus membranaceus ; drug effects ; growth & development ; metabolism ; Fertilizers ; Nitrogen ; pharmacology ; Phosphorus ; pharmacology ; Potassium ; pharmacology

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of novel bioactive glasses (BG) including PSC with high phosphorus component and FBG with fluorine-doped element on promoting remineralization of artificial dentin caries. METHODS: (1) BGs were used in this study as follows: PSC (10.8%P₂O₅-54.2%SiO₂-35.0%CaO, mol.%) were synthesized using phytic acid as the phosphorus precursor through sol-gel method. FBG (6.1%P₂O₅-37.0%SiO₂-53.9%CaO-3.0%CaF₂, mol.%) and 45S5(6.0%P₂O₅-45.0%SiO₂-24.5%CaO-24.5%Na₂O, mol.%) were synthesized by traditional melt method. (2) The above BGs were soaked in simulated body fluid (SBF) for 24 hours. Then X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to analyze the formation of hydroxyapatite (HA) crystals. (3) Prepared 1 mm thick dentin slices were soaked in 17% ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) for 1 week to demineralize the dentin. Then the dentin slices treated by BG were soaked in SBF for 1 week. Field emission scanning electron micro-scopy (FE-SEM) was used to observe the surface morphology of the dentin slices. (4) Four cavities were prepared to 1 mm depth in each 2 mm thick dentin slice, then were treated with lactic acid for 2 weeks to form the artificial dentin caries. Wax, mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), PSC and FBG were used to fill four cavities as blank control group, MTA group, PSC group and FBG group respectively. Then the spe-cimens were soaked in SBF for 4 weeks. The changes of depth and density of demineralized dentin were analyzed using Micro-CT before filling and after 2 and 4 weeks filling. RESULTS: (1) PSC and FBG promoted mineral formation on the surfaces of the demineralized dentin. And the speed was faster and crystallinity was higher in PSC group than the FBG and 45S5 groups. (2) The increased mineral density of artificial dentin caries in PSC group were (185.98 ± 55.66) mg/cm³ and (213.64 ± 36.01) mg/cm³ 2 and 4 weeks after filling respectively, which were significantly higher than the control group [(20.38 ± 7.55) mg/cm³, P=0.006; (36.46 ± 10.79) mg/cm³, P=0.001]. At meanwhile, PSC group was also higher than MTA group [(57.29 ± 10.09) mg/cm³; (111.02 ± 22.06) mg/cm³], and it had statistical difference (P=0.015; P=0.006). The depth of remineralized dentin in PSC group were (40.0 ± 16.9) μm and (54.5 ± 17.8) μm 2 and 4 weeks respectively, which were also statistically different from the control group (P =0.010;P=0.001). There were no statistical differences between the control group and MTA group. The above effects of FBG group were between PSC and MTA. CONCLUSION PSC has advantages in the speed, quality and depth of mineral deposition in the demineralized layer of artificial dentin caries. It would be expected to be an ideal material to promote the remineralization of dentin caries.
Dentin ; Silicon Dioxide/pharmacology* ; Dental Caries Susceptibility ; Minerals/pharmacology* ; Phosphorus/pharmacology* ; Tooth Remineralization/methods*

AIMTo investigate the effects of testosterone on bone mineral density (BMD), plasma levels of sex hormone and calcium, phosphorus, and parathyroid hormone (PTH).

METHODSThirty 10 week old male rabbits were randomized into sham operated (SH), orchiectomized (ORX) and testosterone undecanoate replacement (TU) group. TU rabbits were injected with testosterone undecanoate in 10 orchiectomized rabbits and the remaining SH and ORX rabbits, vehicle only 20 weeks after initiation of the experiment, bone mineral density was measured with dual-energy X-ray bone densitometer. Blood was collected for determination of serum levels of total testosterone, estradiol, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase (AKP).

RESULTSThe serum levels of total testosterone and femoral neck BMD decreased, serum levels of calcium, magnesium and AKP increased significantly in ORX rabbits, testosterone improved femoral neck BMD and decreased serum levels of calcium, magnesium and AKP significantly in TU rabbits.

CONCLUSIONThe results of the present study indicate that ORX decrease serum testosterone and BMD, exogenous testosterone treatment can prevent osteoporosis in ORX rabbits.

Animals ; Bone Density ; drug effects ; Calcium ; blood ; Male ; Orchiectomy ; Phosphorus ; blood ; Rabbits ; Testosterone ; pharmacology

The effects of AM fungi on the growth, nutrient uptake and microelement of Scutellaria baicalensis under different applied phosphorous levels in the pot culture were studied. The results showed that applied phosphorous levels had remarkable effect on AM fungal inoculation. Inoculation effect of AM fungi was the best under 0.12-0.18 g x kg(-1) soil. At those levels, the effect of AM fungi on the growth of S. baicalensis was the best, but either lower or higher phosphorous level showed suppressed infecting of AM fungi to S. baicalensis. After inoculation, the contents of biomass, total P, baicalin, total N of root were increased as well as the microelements of K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, but the contents of total N of shoot, N/P were decreased as well as the microelements of Mn, Cu. In conclusion, the growth of host plant and using rate of phosphorus fertilizer can be promoted by inoculation of AM fungi.
Mycorrhizae ; physiology ; Phosphorus ; pharmacology ; Scutellaria baicalensis ; chemistry ; growth & development ; Trace Elements ; analysis

OBJECTTo study the effects of different kinds and amounts of fertilizers on spring shoots growth yield of Akebia trifoliate.

METHODBy applying orthogonal design method, the effects of fertilizers on spring shoots growth yield were analyzed.

RESULTThe optimization project of applying fertilizers was K3N3J2P2, the amount of potassium fertilizer was 0.075 kg per m2, nitrogenous fertilizers was 0.090 kg per m2, organic fertilizer was 0.300 kg per m2, phosphate fertilizer was 0.090 kg per m2. The effect sequence of different fertilizer on spring shoots growth was K > N > J > P.

CONCLUSIONSpring shoots growth yield of A. trifoliate can increase significantly by reasonable applying fertilizer.

Fertilizers ; Magnoliopsida ; drug effects ; growth & development ; Nitrogen ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Phosphorus ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Plant Shoots ; drug effects ; growth & development ; Potassium ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Seasons

OBJECTIVETo evaluate influence of assemble flavone of rhizome drynaria (AFDR) on the value of the blood serum alkalinity phosphatase (ALP), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), creatinine (Cr) and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) in rats model with skull defects.

METHODSSixty SD male rats with age of 6-month were feeded for a week and then were randomly divided into control group and AFDR group, with 30 rats in each group. Left and right skull of rats were perforated with electromotive drill and the model of skull defects was made. Injectable bone regeneration vomposite (IBRC) was implanted right skull defects. The rats of control group and AFDR group were respectively lavaged with AFDR and deionized water at the first day after operation. The rats were respectively killed at the 2nd,4th and 8th week and the blood serum ALP, Ca, P, Cr, GPT were detected and analyzed by statistics.

RESULTSAt the 2nd week after operation, blood serum ALP in AFDR group was higher than that of control group. At the 4th week after operation, blood serum Ca, P, and calcium-phosphorus product in AFDR group was higher than that of control group; there was no significant difference in GPT between two groups. At the 8th week after operation, blood serum Cr in AFDR group was lower than that of control group.

CONCLUSIONWhen AFDR is used in the repairing of bone defect for 2-4 weeks, it may affect the level of ALP, Ca, P, and without toxicity to liver and kindey.

Alkaline Phosphatase ; blood ; Animals ; Calcium ; blood ; Flavones ; pharmacology ; Male ; Phosphorus ; blood ; Polypodiaceae ; chemistry ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Skull ; injuries ; surgery

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the occluding effects of three new calcium desensitizers on dentinal tubules in vitro.

METHODSTwenty-five dentin specimens of 1.00 mm thick from freshly extracted third molars were divided into five groups randomly. After treatment with 6% citric acid, group A was treated with distilled water, and group B-E were treated with NovaMin, Pro-Argin, casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP), and 75% NaF glycerin for 2 min respectively. Then the teeth were vertically cleaved into two sections. The surfaces and cross sections were observed by the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), which were analyzed by the Image-Pro Plus software.

RESULTSThe percentage of dentin tubules sealed were (81.6 ± 6.1)%, (71.5 ± 6.3)%, (43.2 ± 2.6)%, (39.9 ± 4.1)% for groups B, C, D and E respectively, and the occluding depth were (30.33 ± 2.26), (24.55 ± 2.58), (16.10 ± 4.65) and (8.90 ± 1.51) µm respectively. The differences between these groups were statistically significant (P < 0.01) except for group B and C (P > 0.05). However, there was no significant difference between all the groups for the Ca/P ratios (P = 0.342).

CONCLUSIONSNovaMin may have better immediate occluding effects than other desensitizers and could deposit a dentin-like mineral.

Arginine ; pharmacology ; Calcium ; metabolism ; Calcium Carbonate ; pharmacology ; Caseins ; pharmacology ; Dentin ; drug effects ; metabolism ; ultrastructure ; Dentin Desensitizing Agents ; pharmacology ; Dentin Permeability ; drug effects ; Dentin Sensitivity ; Fluorides ; pharmacology ; Glass ; chemistry ; Humans ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Phosphates ; pharmacology ; Phosphorus ; metabolism ; Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission

OBJECTIVETo confirm the amount of fertilizer and the ration of fertilizer.

METHODThrough the experiment of planting Salvia miltiorrhiza in pot and in field were carried out.

RESULTWhen N:P = 1:1, The production was 1.8 times more than the contrast group in plotting experiment, and in field the production of the highest fertilizer plot were 2.5 times more than the contrast and the higher and high fertilizer plot is 2.25 and 1.2 times respective were than those in the contrast group.

CONCLUSIONThe proper ration of nitrogenous fertilizer and phosphorous fertilizer is 1:1. Nitrogen shows negative effects to the accumulation of tanshinon IIA, the more the nitrogen ous fertilizer, The less the content of tanshinon IIA. In contrast, phosphor ous fertilizer shows good effects on the accumulation of tanshinon IIA. Phosphorous fertilizer could alleviate the decline of the content of tanshinon IIA by using nitrogenous fertilizer. The accumulation peak of the tanshinon IIA emerge in the period of 150 d.

Diterpenes, Abietane ; Fertilizers ; Nitrogen ; analysis ; pharmacology ; Phenanthrenes ; analysis ; Phosphorus ; analysis ; pharmacology ; Plant Roots ; chemistry ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; growth & development ; Salvia miltiorrhiza ; chemistry ; growth & development

OBJECTIVETo define the influence of some parameters, including assimilable organic carbon (AOC), chloramine residual, etc. on the bacterial growth in drinking water distribution systems.

METHODSThree typical water treatment plants in a northern city (City T) of China and their corresponding distribution systems were investigated. Some parameters of the water samples, such as heterotrophic plate content (HPC), AOC, COD(Mn), TOC, and phosphate were measured.

RESULTSThe AOC in most water samples were more than 100 microg/L, or even more than 200 microg/L in some cases. The HPC in distribution systems increased significantly with the decrease of residual chlorine. When the residual chlorine was less than 0.1 mg/L, the magnitude order of HPC was 10(4) CFU/mL; when it was 0.5-0.7 mg/L, the HPC was about 500 CFU/mL.

CONCLUSIONFor controlling the biostability of drinking water, the controlling of AOC and residual chlorine should be considered simultaneously. The influence of phosphors on the AOC tests of water is not significant. Phosphors may not be the limiting nutrient in the water distribution systems.

Bacteria ; drug effects ; growth & development ; Carbon ; analysis ; metabolism ; China ; Chloramines ; pharmacology ; Chlorine ; pharmacology ; Disinfectants ; pharmacology ; Drug Stability ; Organic Chemicals ; analysis ; Phosphates ; analysis ; metabolism ; Phosphorus ; pharmacology ; Population Dynamics ; Water Microbiology ; Water Purification ; methods ; Water Supply

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of iron on the growth, physiology and photosynthesis of cyanobacteria.

METHODSA gradient of iron concentrations was employed to investigate the growth, photo-pigments (chlorophyll A and phycocyanin), and cell chemical contents (C, N, P) of Microcystis aeruginosa in response to different iron additions.

RESULTSThe specific growth rate during the exponential growth phase, as well as the cell chlorophyll A and the phycocyanin content, was limited by iron below 12.3 tmol Fe x L(-1). The growth was inhibited when the iron concentration was at 24.6 micromol Fe x L(-1). The cell chlorophyll A and the phycocyanin content were saturated when the iron concentration was above 12.3 micromol Fe x L(-1) and declined slightly at 24.6 micromol Fe x L(-1). At a low iron concentration (about 6.15 micromol Fe x L(-1) and less), the cell nitrogen and carbohydrate content were iron limited, and the variation of the cell phosphorus content was similar to that of the nitrogen and carbohydrate, with a transition point of 12.3 micromol Fe x L(-1).

CONCLUSIONThe variation of cynobacteria growth is synchronous with that of the photo-pigments or the cell chemical content, and there exist relationships among photosynthesis, growth and internal chemical content, which could be useful for the growth estimation from the cell characteristics.

Carbohydrates ; analysis ; Culture Media ; chemistry ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Iron ; pharmacology ; Microcystis ; chemistry ; cytology ; drug effects ; physiology ; Nitrogen ; analysis ; Phosphorus ; analysis