1.Skeletal Muscle Glycogen Breakdown According to Duration of Endurance Training.
The Korean Journal of Sports Medicine 2016;34(2):101-106
Endurance exercise training such as marathon can increase the ability of exercise performance. Muscle glycogen is associated with an exercise performance, because glycogen depletion is primary causes of muscle fatigue. This review summarizes the glycogen saving effect according to duration of endurance exercise training. Long-term endurance exercise-induced mitochondrial biogenesis contributes to glycogen saving effect that is reduced glycogen breakdown and lactate accumulation. Glycogen sparing is due to a smaller decrease in adenosine triphosphate and phosphocreatine and a smaller increase in inorganic phosphate in the working muscles. It takes required endurance exercise training for about 4 weeks or more. Single bout or short-term endurance exercise is not sufficient to bring an increase in functional mitochondria. But peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) increases rapidly after single bout of endurance exercise. PGC-1α downregulates glycogenolytic and glycolytic enzymes to reduce muscle glycogen breakdown and lactic acid accumulation after short-term endurance exercise.
Adenosine Triphosphate
;
Glycogen*
;
Glycogenolysis
;
Lactic Acid
;
Mitochondria
;
Muscle Fatigue
;
Muscle, Skeletal*
;
Muscles
;
Organelle Biogenesis
;
Peroxisomes
;
Phosphocreatine
2.Study on the Testicular Creatine in Rats.
Korean Journal of Urology 1982;23(5):675-678
It is clear that creatine plays a reservoir of high energy phosphate bond as creatine phosphate and maintains ATP levels in skeletal muscle and nervous tissues. Creatine and creatine kinase activity are required to utilize creatine phosphate as high energy phosphate. The contents of creatine in testis of rats were determined by the method of Van Pilsum and compared with other organs for the study of the physiological role of creatine in testis. Creatine content of tests was 39.82+/-3.36 ug/g wet tissue compared with skeletal muscle, 52.92+/-10.25 ug/g wet tissue. It was relatively high compared with brain (15.45+/-6.49 ug/g wet tissue), heart (20.0+/-2.91 ug/g wet tissue), kidney (29.55+/-2.52 ug/g wet tissue) and liver (12.68+/-1.94 ug/g wet tissue). Creatinine content of testes (45.84+/-4.08 ug/g wet tissue) was very high, compared with skeletal muscle (24.14+/-7.73 ug/g wet tissue), heart .(23.71+/-4.73 ug/g wet tissue), brain (17.24+/-1.19 ug/g wet tissue), kidney (14.92+/-3.45 ug/g set tissue), and liver (9.59 +/-1.26 ug/g wet tissue). I suppose that creatine in testis of rats may be a part of potent system for generation of ATP from ADP hydrolyzing creatine phosphate.
Adenosine Diphosphate
;
Adenosine Triphosphate
;
Animals
;
Brain
;
Creatine Kinase
;
Creatine*
;
Creatinine
;
Heart
;
Kidney
;
Liver
;
Muscle, Skeletal
;
Phosphocreatine
;
Rats*
;
Testis
3.In vivo31P MR Spectroscopy of Breast Tumors: Preliminary Results.
Sang Seol JUNG ; Kyung Sub SHINN ; Tae Suk SUH ; Hak Hee KIM ; Bo Young CHOE
Journal of the Korean Radiological Society 1995;33(3):465-470
PURPOSE: To evaluate the various phosphorus metabolism' of breast tumors with use of in vivo phosphorus-31 (31P) M R spectroscopy (MRS) MATERIALS AND METHODS: Five patients with breast tumor (benign in two, malignant in three) and three normal healthy volunteers participated in this study. All in vivo31P MRS examinations were performed on 1.5 Twhole-body MRI/MRS system by using a Free Induction Decay (FID) pulse sequence. Tl-weighted MR images were used for localization of tumors. Peak areas for each phosphorus metabolite were measured using a Marquart algorithm. RESULTS: Breast carcinoma had a substantially larger phosphomonoester (PME) and a smaller phosphocreatine (PCr) peak intensity than normal breast tissue. This was reflected in the relatively higher PME/PCr ratio of breast carcinomas as well as phosphodiester (PDE)/PCr, inorganic phosphate (Pi)/PCr, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP)/PCr ratios, compared with normal controls. The mean pH value of breast tumor demonstrating the alkaline nature was higher than that of normal controls. Spectral patterns between benign breast disease and normal breast tissue were quite similar, and differentiation was not established. CONCLUSION: Our preliminary study suggests that in vivo 31P MRS is a noninvasive examination which may be useful in the early differentiation of malignant breast tumors from normal and benign conditions. However, normal control and benign conditions could not be characterized on the basis of the phosphorus metabolite ratios.
Adenosine Triphosphate
;
Breast Diseases
;
Breast Neoplasms*
;
Breast*
;
Healthy Volunteers
;
Humans
;
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
;
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy*
;
Phosphocreatine
;
Phosphorus
;
Spectrum Analysis
4.A preliminary study on the effects of the exogenous creatine phosphate on rat masseter muscle after unilateral chew.
Long-bo XU ; Zi-xian WANG ; Dong QI ; Xue-fen LIN ; Wang-gui YING ; Sheng-jun SUN ; Bin CHEN ; Ping JI
West China Journal of Stomatology 2010;28(4):348-351
OBJECTIVETo study the effect of energy therapy on Ca2+ concentration and Ca2+ -ATP enzyme activity in rat master muscle after unilateral chew, and to discuss the protective action of the exogenous creatine phosphate on rat masseter muscle after unilateral chew.
METHODSThe 20 rats were randomly divided into 4 groups, A: Creatine phosphate normal control group; B: Creatine phosphate experimental group; C: Saline normal control group; D: Saline experimental group. The Ca2+ concentration were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, the activity of the Ca2+ -ATP enzyme were determined by super-micro volume Ca2+ -ATP enzyme kit.
RESULTS(1) The Ca2+ concentration of the extraction side of group D which received the saline injection had significant difference compared with the non-extraction side (P = 0.007), the group C (P = 0.009) and the extraction side of group B (P = 0.01); (2) Ca2+ -ATP enzyme activity of group D were higher than its non-extraction side (P = 0.001), group C (P = 0.003) and the extraction side of group B (P = 0.001); (3) The ultrastructural changes of the rat masseter muscle under transmission electron microscope were as follows: The extraction side of group D have more severe pathological manifestations than non-extraction side. Both the extraction side and the non-extraction side of group B had a similar manifestation to the normal control group.
CONCLUSIONExogenous energy material, creatine phosphate, may have certain degree of protective effect on rat masseter muscles after unilateral chew. And it may become a possible way to improve the injury of the masseter muscle.
Animals ; Calcium ; metabolism ; Calcium-Transporting ATPases ; metabolism ; Masseter Muscle ; physiopathology ; ultrastructure ; Mastication ; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission ; Phosphocreatine ; pharmacology ; Rats
5.Near-Infrared Spectroscopy for Monitoring Cerebral Hemodynamics in Hyperbilirubinemia-induced Newborn Piglets.
Jong Hee HWANG ; Chang Won CHOI ; Yun Sil CHANG ; Won Soon PARK
Korean Journal of Pediatrics 2005;48(6):649-654
PURPOSE: The present study examined how changes in cerebral hemodynamics in newborn piglets with bilirubin infusion can be evaluated by near infrared sepctroscopy (NIRS). METHODS: Seventeen newborn piglets were randomly divided into the following three experimental groups: six in the control group (CG) ; seven in the bilirubin infusion group (BG), and four in the bilirubin infusion with 7-nitroindazole group (NG). To achieve the concentration of bilirubin above 20 mg/dL, we injected a bolus of 40 mg/kg of bilirubin intravenously, followed by 30 mg/kg/hr of bilirubin continuous intravenous infusion. All groups were monitored with cerebral hemodynamics using near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and their brain cortexes were harvested and the activities of Na+, K+ -ATPase, level of conjugated dienes, ATP and phosphocreatine (PCr) were determined biochemically. RESULTS: No changes took place in CG. In BG and NG, base excess, pH, and MABP decreased, and lactate level in blood increased. Cerebral Na+, K+-ATPase activity and ATP, PCr level in BG significantly decreased and conjugated dienes increased compared to CG. These abnormalities observed in the BG were significantly improved in the NG. In continuous NIRS monitoring, [HbO2], [HbT], and [HbD] in BG were significantlly decreased compared to CG. However these abnormalities between NG and CG were not significantly different. There were no significant differences in ScO2 between the study groups. CONCLUSION: Our study suggests cerebral hemodynamic changes could be monitored by non- invasive NIRS in newborn piglets with bilirubin infusion.
Adenosine Triphosphate
;
Bilirubin
;
Brain
;
Hemodynamics*
;
Humans
;
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
;
Hyperbilirubinemia
;
Infant, Newborn*
;
Infusions, Intravenous
;
Jaundice
;
Kernicterus
;
Lactic Acid
;
Phosphocreatine
;
Polymerase Chain Reaction
;
Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared*
;
Spectrum Analysis
6.Experimental Studies on Cerebral Metabolic Alterations Induced by Penicillin.
Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society 1981;10(1):27-38
It has been postulated that central nervous system disorders characterized by convulsive seizures are caused by alterations in one or more cerebral metabolism especially in cellular energy metabolism, electrolyte metabolism and glutamate metabolism. In the present study, alterations in cerebral energy metabolism, cellular electrolyte metabolism and glutamate metabolism were studied to investigate biochemical nature of cerebral disturbances in rats injected intraperitoneally with massive doses of penicillin. Also carried out were in vitro experiments by which direct effects of penicillin on concentrations of high energy compounds and Na+, K+-ATPase activity in the brains were determined. Intraperitoneal injections of pencillin G sodium(1,000,000 I.U. per kg body weight) to rats twice daily for 3 to 5 days resulted in significant decreases in cerebral concentrations of ATP, phosphocreatine and lactate, suggesting that penicillin induces cerebral dysfunctions by inhibiting energy production. While cerebral Na+, K+-ATPase activity and brain K+ content were significantly decreased in rats with penicllin-induced cerebral dysfunctions, brain Na+ and water contents were significantly increased. Observations that, in rats with penicillin-induced cerebral dysfunctions, the fall in high-energy phosphate contents in the brain took place as rapidly as the cation shifts indicate that alterations in both energy metabolism and electrolyte metabolism in the brain may be responsible for cerebral dysfunctions induced by penicillin. These assumptions were further supported by the findings that Na+, K+-ATPase activity and high-energy phosphate contents in the isolated cerebral hemispheres were profoundly affected by the addition of penicillin to the medium in which in vitro experiment was carried out. While the activity of glutamine synthetase in the brain was increased in rats exhibiting cerebral dysfunctions induced by penicillin, the activity of glutamine dehydrogenase was significantly decreased. Significance of changes in activities of these two brain enzymes in penicillin-induced cerebral dysfunctions was not immediately understood. It may be possible, however, that penicillin may influence glutamate contents in the brain directly orindirectly through the alteration of these two brain enzyme activities so as to modify the cerebral functions.
Adenosine Triphosphate
;
Animals
;
Brain
;
Central Nervous System Diseases
;
Cerebrum
;
Energy Metabolism
;
Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase
;
Glutamic Acid
;
Glutamine
;
Injections, Intraperitoneal
;
Lactic Acid
;
Metabolism
;
Oxidoreductases
;
Penicillins*
;
Phosphocreatine
;
Rats
;
Seizures
7.In vivo Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Based Study of Metabolic Changes in Rabbit Brain under Intravenous Anesthesia with Thiopental Sodium and Propofol.
Chan Hong PARK ; Bong Il KIM ; Jung Hun LEE ; Jin Yong CHUNG ; Jong Ki KIM ; Jin Woong PARK
Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2004;46(2):218-224
BACKGROUND: It is well known that both thiopental sodium and propofol reduce the cerebral metabolic rate. The author investigated whether these drugs have similar effects on neurobiochemical compounds by using 1H-NMR, which enables noninvasive in vivo measurements of brain biochemistry. METHODS: Six healthy white New Zealand rabbits (2.5-3.0 kg) were studied. A marginal ear vein was punctured for continuous intravenous infusion. Spontaneous breathing was maintained during the anesthesia. Neurobiochemical compounds such as N- acetylaspartate (NAA), choline-containing compounds (Cho), creatine plus phosphocreatine (Cr), myoinositol (MI), and lactate were examined at 30, 45 and 60 min during intravenous anesthesia induced with thiopental sodium (n = 3) and propofol (n = 3). RESULTS: The signals of NAA, Cho, Cr and MI were unchanged during thiopental anesthesia, but the NAA signal was reduced at 45 and 60 min, and that of Cr was reduced from 30 min until the end of the propofol anesthesia. The Cho signal was increased at 45 and 60 min during propofol anesthesia. Thiopental sodium signal were detected through the study, but propofol was detected only at 30 min. On comparing metabolic ratios in the two groups, the ratio of NAA/Cr was reduced and those of Cho/Cr and MI/Cr were higher in propofol group than in the thiopental sodium group. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that thiopental sodium has a cerebral protective function. Howerver, further study is needed upon the cerebral protective function of propofol anesthesia. Propofol is more useful for total intravenous anesthesia than thiopental sodium.
Anesthesia
;
Anesthesia, Intravenous*
;
Biochemistry
;
Brain*
;
Creatine
;
Ear
;
Infusions, Intravenous
;
Inositol
;
Lactic Acid
;
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy*
;
Phosphocreatine
;
Propofol*
;
Protons*
;
Rabbits
;
Respiration
;
Thiopental*
;
Veins
8.Comparative of P spectroscopy and histochemical mapping in myocardial infarction in cats.
Mi Young KIM ; Tae Hwan LIM ; Seong Wook PARK ; Pyung Hwan PARK ; Dong Man SEO ; Tae Keun LEE ; Sang Tae KIM ; Young Hwan KIM ; Chi Woong MUN
Journal of the Korean Radiological Society 1993;29(5):1084-1092
This study was performed to assess the accuracy of 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy(MRS) in the evaluation of myocardial ischemia in cats. Twelve cats underwent myocardial ischemia and reperfusion induced by 90 minutes ligation followed by 90 minutes recirculation of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD). MRS was performed using a 4.7T Biospec MRS/MRI system (Bruker, Switzerland). An inner diameter 1.5cm-sized doubly tuned surface coli was used for the collection of the MR signal. The coli was implanted to the epicardial surface at the expected area of infarction. 31P MRS was acquired before and during the periods of ischemia and reperfusion with 5-minute to 30-minute of intervals. After completion of the 31P MRS study, animals were sacrificed and the hearts were excised for 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTG0 histochemical staining. The area of infarct was measured on the photographs of TTG stained heart slices using a computer programmed planimetry and the results were compared with those of the 31P MRS study. The level of phosphocreatine (PCr) was decreased to 28.2±6.9% of the baseline level 90 minutes after occlusion and recovered to 43.8±4.8% of the baseline level at the end of the reperfusion. A 50% depletion of PCr was reached 5 minutes after the LAD occlusion. The ATP was decreased to a 26.6±3.6% of the baseline level 90 minutes after occlusion and recovered to a 35.9±6.0 of the baseline level 90 minutes after reperfusion. The decreasing rate of ATP was slower than that of PCr showing a 50% of depletion 15 minutes after occlusion. The PCr/ATP ratio was 1.16±0.09 at the baseline, decreased to 0.88±0.07 at 30 minutes of occlusion, and then progressively increased during the late ischemic and reperfused periods. The ratio of the infarcted area to the effective signal area of the surface coli was inversely correlated to the ATP (r=0.68) and PCr (r=0.40) levels obtained at the end of reperfusion. In conclusion, 31P MRS reflects the changes in myocardial high energy phosphorous metabolism during the actue ischemia and reperfusion. If on adequate localization technique is feasible, 31P MRS can be used clinically in the diagnosis and monitoring of the patients with acute myocardial infarction.
Adenosine Triphosphate
;
Animals
;
Cats*
;
Coronary Vessels
;
Diagnosis
;
Heart
;
Humans
;
Infarction
;
Ischemia
;
Ligation
;
Metabolism
;
Myocardial Infarction*
;
Myocardial Ischemia
;
Phosphocreatine
;
Polymerase Chain Reaction
;
Reperfusion
;
Spectrum Analysis*
9.Clinical application of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in children with idiopathic epilepsy.
Xiao-Li SHAO ; Zhong-Shu ZHOU ; Wen HONG
Chinese Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 2010;12(6):425-428
OBJECTIVEThis study examined the biochemical metabolism by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ('H-MRS) in order to explore the value of 'H-MRS in idiopathic epilepsy in children.
METHODSThirty-three children with idiopathic epilepsy (14 cases with history of febrile seizures and 19 cases without) and six normal controls experienced MRI of the skull and brain and single-voxel 'H-MRS examinations of the hippocampi-temporal lobe. The signal intensities of N-acetylaspartate (NAA), eatine+phosphocreatine (Cr), choline-containing compounds (Cho) and lactate (Lac) and the ratios of NAA/ (Cho+Cr) and Lac/Cr were compared between the patients and normal controls.
RESULTSMRI examination showed that only one child with epilepsy had myelin dysplasia. 'H-MRS examination showed that the ratio of NAA/ (Cho+Cr) in the epilepsy group was lower than that in the control group (0.64+/-0.07 vs 0.73+/-0.05; P<0.01). The epileptic children with history of febrile seizures had a more decreased ratio of NAA/ (Cho+Cr) compared with those without the history (0.61+/-0.07 vs 0.66+/-0.06; P<0.05). There were no significant differences in the ratio of Lac/Cr between the epilepsy and the control groups.
CONCLUSIONS'H-MRS may provide early information on brain injury sensitively and non-invasively in children with epilepsy. It may be used for diagnosis and prognosis evaluation of epilepsy.
Aspartic Acid ; analogs & derivatives ; analysis ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Choline ; analysis ; Epilepsy ; diagnosis ; metabolism ; Female ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; methods ; Male ; Phosphocreatine ; analysis ; Protons
10.Treatment of myocardial damage with creatine phosphate following neonatal asphyxia: a meta-analysis.
Po MIAO ; Bing SUN ; Xing FENG
Chinese Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 2012;14(3):172-176
OBJECTIVETo evaluate the effects of creatine phosphate (CP) in the treatment of myocardial damage following neonatal asphyxia.
METHODSMedical databases were searched for a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of randomized and quasi-randomized trials on the treatment of myocardial damage with CP following neonatal asphyxia. The data was analyzed using Review Manager 5.1.
RESULTSSix trials involving 400 patients (CP treatment/control: 202/198) were included in the survey. The meta-analysis indicated that CP treatment for 7 days decreased serum myocardial enzyme levels (CK, CK-MB, LDH, HBDH and cTnI levels). Both the total effective rate (RR: 1.29; 95% CI: 1.12, 1.48) and the significantly effective rate (RR: 1.78; 95% CI: 1.32, 2.41) in the CP treatment group were significantly higher than in the control group. CP treatment reduced the hospitalization period by 4.07 days compared with the control group (95% CI: -5.25, -2.89).
CONCLUSIONSCP treatment appears to be more effective than routine treatment alone for myocardial damage following neonatal asphyxia. It appears to be safe and it can both decrease serum myocardial enzyme levels and shorten the period of hospitalization. However, as the evidence obtained in this study is not robust due to the poor quality of current studies, further studies of high-quality, large-scale trails are needed.
Asphyxia Neonatorum ; complications ; Cardiomyopathies ; drug therapy ; etiology ; Cardiotonic Agents ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Length of Stay ; Myocytes, Cardiac ; pathology ; Phosphocreatine ; therapeutic use ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic