For the obliteration of the mastoid cavity, we used 3 kinds of flaps: an dermo-musculo-aponeurotic flap, the musculo- aponeurotic component with a superior or inferior pedicle, and the Hong Kong flap. Rebuilding the posterior wall of external canal: the posterior wall is rebuilt by skin or by cartilage of the auricle. Reconstruction of the middle ear transformer: ossiculoplasty, myringoplasty. The obliteration of the mastoid cavity by aponeuro-muscular flaps is a simple technique. It can be carried out widely at all local hospitals but it is very important to have dry mastoid cavity after operation. The obliteration is done not only at the 1st stage of mastoidectomy but also at the 2nd stage
Rehabilitation ; Recovery of Function ; surgery

Background: According to statistical data of the Vietnam Ministry of Health, there were 124,223 people with positive HIV, 23,661 AIDS patients and 13,649 AIDS- related deaths up to April 30th 2007. The major transmission route is injection. Objectives: (1) To compare the characteristics of drug use in users with different time. (2) To describe the health issues and health service access of young male drug users. Subjects and method: A cross-sectional survey was carried out using a combination of medical anthropology and epidemiology methods. 1.115 young male drug users in Ha Noi between September 2004 and September 2005 were divided into 4 groups of the equivalence number, but with different drug using history. Results and conclusion: The newer drug users (within 2 years) started using drug later than the older ones, more of them started using by injecting; they transfer from smoking/sniffing to injecting as well as trying and using more different types of drugs together in shorter time than others. The proportion of HIV (+) infection in these people was higher, which states the necessity of intervention to help them enhance their knowledge to prevent HIV infection amongst themselves. Mental health care is also needed for drug users, the demand for mental health care increases with the time of drug usage.
young male heroin users