During the past 5～10 years, very few medical fields have changeddramatically as reproductive medicine, especially for the new treatment for the maleinfertility by the use of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) techniques andadvanced surgical epididymal and testicular sperm retrieval techniques. Those twomajor technical advances have completely changed the treatment for previouslyuntreatable testicular failure (non-obstructive azoospermia), ejaculatory failure orun-reconstructable obstructive azoospermia. Many men with even the most severe formsof infertility that are not amendable to specific medical and surgical treatmentscan now have chances to father biological children with only a few of theirspermatozoa. This review serves to discuss the various advanced sperm retrievaltechniques available for assisted reproduction, with specific focus on the technicalaspects and safety. Each technique has its specific medical indications, efficacies

Adult male circumcision (MC) has been shown to reduce the transmission of HPV, HSV, and HIV significantly during vaginal intercourse. However, the benefits of adult MC for men in military service have been poorly documented. Soldiers in war time have additional challenges in maintaining good penile hygiene, rendering uncircumcised men vulnerable to inflammation and infection; these maladies not only negatively impact these individuals, but also undermine the overall military strength. Adult MC can provide some long-term benefits for these military service men. Many African countries have already taken a special interest in adult MC for their military forces, resulting in increased numbers of these surgeries among this special population of men. In this review, we discuss the history of adult MC in the military along with the current trends and economic significance.
Adult ; Circumcision, Male ; history ; trends ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Male ; Military Personnel