Contact vitiligo with allergic contact dermatitis is a rare condition. Early diagnosis of contact vitiligo is imperative, as it could halt the progression of depigmentation, unlike idiopathic vitiligo. We herein report a case of contact vitiligo with allergic contact dermatitis due to para-phenylenediamine.
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact ; Early Diagnosis ; Phenylenediamines ; Vitiligo

O- and m-phenylen diamin obtained by nitration and reduction of aniline and nitrobenzene. From amin compounds and by dithiocarbamat method synthesized isothiocyanat derivatives: Condensation of phenylendiisothiocyanat derivatives with amine compounds (p-aminosalicylic acid, p-aminobenzoic acid and their derivatives) to get 11 dithiourea derivatives. The purity of the products were controlled by the layer chromatography. The structures of them were determined by elemental analysis and IR spectroscopy, 1HNMR. The study indicated that all of them have strong effect on fungal strains except Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus. Some are stronger than ketoconazol.
Phenylenediamines ; 3-phenylenediamine ; 1,2-diaminobenzene ; diphenylthiourea

OBJECTIVETo establish a method for determining the content of 2,4-toluenediamine, a urinary metabolite of toluene diisocyanate, by gas chromatography.

METHODSUrine samples were collected, and acidification, extraction, derivatization, separation with a capillary column, and detection with an electron capture detector were performed. The target compound was qualified by retention time and quantified by peak area.

RESULTSThe concentration of 2, 4-toluenediamine showed a linear relationship with peak area within 0.0∼40 ng/ml, with a correlation coefficient 0.9995; the limit of detection was 0.44 ng/ml, the lower limit of quantification was 1.47 ng/ml, the relative standard deviation was 1.85%∼4.05%; the recovery rate was 97.98%∼99.28%.

CONCLUSIONThe method has the advantages of high sensitivity and high accuracy and can be used for determination of 2, 4-toluenediamine in urine.

A sensitive electrochemical biosensor based on Aflatoxin-Oxidase (AFO) was developed for detection of sterigmatocystin (ST). The enzyme was immobilized on chitosan-single-walled carbon nanotubes (CS-SWCNTs) hybrid film, which attached to the poly-o-phenylenediamine (POPD)-modified Au electrode. The fabricated procedures of the biosensor were characterized with atomic force microscopy (AFM), fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The cyclic voltammetric results of the biosensor indicated that AFO exhibited a surface-controlled and quasi-reversible electrochemical redox behavior with a formal potential of -0.436 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) in 0.1 mol/L PBS (pH 7.0), which resulted from the direct electron transfer between entrapped AFO and the underlying electrode. The enzymatic electrode exhibited an excellent electrocatalytic response to ST. The linear range of ST determination was from 10 ng/mL to 310 ng/mL with correlation coefficient of 0.997, the detection limit was 3 ng/mL (S/N=3), and the response time was less than 10 seconds. The apparent Michaelis-Menten constant (K(M)app) was estimated to be 7.13 micromol/L. The biosensor had the advantages of good repeatability and stability, remaining 85.6% of its original current value after storage at 4 degrees C for a month, and the RSD for 11 replicate determination of 20 ng/mL ST was 3.9%. This AFO/CS-SWCNTs/POPD/Au modified electrode showed high selectivity and sensitivity in real sample analysis, giving values of recovery in the range of 87.6%-105.5%. The proposed method can be applied to the determination of ST in real samples with satisfactory results.
Aflatoxins ; Biosensing Techniques ; methods ; Chitosan ; chemistry ; Electrons ; Nanotubes, Carbon ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxidoreductases ; Phenylenediamines ; chemistry ; Sterigmatocystin ; analysis

BACKGROUND: The TRUE test is a commercially available ready-to-apply patch test widely used in many countries, but no large-scale study is available on the TRUE test in Korea. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to analyze the type, frequency, and changes in the common contact allergens in Korea using the TRUE test. METHODS: From January 2009 to March 2010, TRUE tests were performed on patients with contact dermatitis at the Departments of Dermatology of 15 hospitals. The epidemiological findings of patients, and the results of the patch tests were analyzed. RESULTS: In total, 795 patch tested cases (246 males, 549 females) were compiled and analyzed. The oldest age distribution was the third decade in both males and females, and housewives and office-workers were the most common jobs, comprising 29.7% and 19.8% of the occupations, respectively. Overall, 65.1% of patients had at least one positive reaction, and the most common allergens were nickel sulfate (34.1%), thimerosal (12.6%), cobalt chloride (11.1%), and p-phenylenediamine (8.4%), in order of frequency. A univariate analysis of multiple variables including age, gender, occupation, and affected sites was conducted and a comparison with a previous multicenter study was also analyzed. CONCLUSION: These results provide the basis for use of the TRUE test in patients with contact dermatitis in Korea.
Age Distribution ; Allergens ; Cobalt ; Dermatitis, Contact ; Dermatology ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Nickel ; Occupations ; Patch Tests ; Phenylenediamines ; Thimerosal

BACKGROUND: Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) was once regarded as a disorder of the adult population, while ACD in children was considered rare. However, ACD in children may be more common than previously realized and more recently, it has been estimated that more than 20% of the pediatric population is affected by ACD. However, in Korea results of patch testing in the pediatric population has not yet been reported. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to analyze allergens responsible for ACD in Korean children and investigate the influence of sex, involved site, and atopic dermatitis on contact allergen sensitization. We also wanted to compare the results between the pediatric and the adult group. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of all patch test results from our data base between 2009 and 2011 was performed. A total of 234 patients were patch tested. The pediatric population was defined as patients 18 years and younger, and total 30 pediatric patients were included. RESULTS: A total of 30 patch tested cases (male 12, female 18) were analyzed. Overall, 66.7% of pediatric patients had at least one positive reaction and common allergens were nickel sulfate (33.3%), thimerosal (13.0%), and black rubber mix (10.0%) in order of frequency. There were no significant differences between contact allergen sensitivity and sex or involved sites. However, in the atopic group, the positive reactions to wool alcohols were significantly higher than in the non-atopic group (p=0.0076). In adults, common allergens were nickel sulfate (34.8%), p-tert butylphenol formaldehyde resin (11.8%), cobalt chloride (11.3%) and thimerosal (11.3%) in order of frequency. This was not significantly different to the pediatric group. CONCLUSION: ACD in children is not uncommon and patch testing in suspected children revealed 66.7% of positive reaction.
2-Naphthylamine ; Adult ; Alcohols ; Allergens ; Child ; Cobalt ; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact ; Dermatitis, Atopic ; Female ; Formaldehyde ; Humans ; Korea ; Nickel ; Patch Tests ; Pediatrics ; Phenylenediamines ; Retrospective Studies ; Rubber ; Thimerosal ; Wool

BACKGROUND: A number of skin manifestations in patients with allergic contact dermatitis result from sensitization with specific allergens, and patch testing is used as a diagnostic means of identifying theses allergens. In Korea, the commercial patch test panel, the TRUE-test, has been available since 2005. However, there have been few reports regarding the results of the TRUE-test. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to analyze the type, frequency, and changes in common contact allergens in Korea using the TRUE test. METHODS: A total of 311 patients with allergic contact dermatitis were evaluated by the TRUE test between January 2007 and December 2011 at Soonchunhyang hospital. Patch test reading was performed on day 2 and day 4. RESULTS: A total of 311 cases of TRUE test records (male 79, female 232) were compiled and analyzed. The highest age distribution was the 4th decade in females. The face, with exception of the lips, was the most frequently affected site (40.2%). Overall, 58.8% of patients had at least on positive reaction, and the most common allergens were nickel sulfate (31.8%), p-phenylenediamine (13.5%), cobalt chloride (10.0%), thiomersal (7.4%), and carba mix (5.5%). Nickel allergen displayed higher positive rates than the rates in other countries. CONCLUSION: There was no significant difference in the overall positive rate of patch test results compared with recent studies. However, we confirmed that metal-related allergens remain the most common, and that the results provide the basis for the use of the TRUE test in patients with contact dermatitis in Korea.
Age Distribution ; Allergens ; Cobalt ; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact ; Dermatitis, Contact ; Ditiocarb ; Female ; Guanidines ; Humans ; Korea ; Lip ; Nickel ; Patch Tests ; Phenylenediamines ; Skin Manifestations ; Thimerosal

In past decade, hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) as a novel gasotransmitter, covered many fields in biological and medical research. However, there is no effective, convenient and high-throughput method for determination of circulatory H₂S until now. Here, we aim to develop an easy method for measurement of circulatory H₂S by modified methylene blue method. In the present study, we added Zn²⁺ to plasma sample to deposit H₂S, HS⁻ and S²⁻, as well as plasma protein, then used NaOH to re-dissolve plasma protein. ZnS deposition was re-dissolved by the addition of N, N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine, and the remnant protein was deposited by trichloroacetic acid. After centrifugation, ferriammonium sulfate was added to the supernatant fluid to generate methylene blue, which was analyzed by spectrophotometer at 665 nm. Using the present method, we found that most ions including sulfate and thiosulfate did not affect detection of H₂S concentration, but albumin (physiological concentration) reduced the detection value, which suggested the binding of serum albumin and a certain amount of H₂S. The relative recovery ratio of present method is 81.9%, which implies that the method is relative accurate for the determination of H₂S concentration in plasma or serum. H₂S levels of frozen plasma samples from 65 healthy volunteers detected by the present method were (13.93 ± 4.98) µmol/L. There was no obvious difference between the detection values of fresh and frozen samples from the same SD rats. These results suggest the modified methylene blue assay is stable, sensitive, convenient and high-throughput. The method can be used to analyze the circulatory H₂S in clinical and basic research.
Animals ; Blood Chemical Analysis ; methods ; Humans ; Hydrogen Sulfide ; blood ; Methylene Blue ; chemistry ; Phenylenediamines ; chemistry ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Sulfides ; chemistry ; Zinc Compounds ; chemistry

BACKGROUND: P-phenylenediamine (PPD) has been identified as the most frequent contact sensitizer of hair dye and the clinical characteristics of hair dye contact allergy (HDCA) are diverse. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to identify the clinical characteristics of HDCA and to assess the relationships between HDCA, exposure time to PPD and PPD positivity. METHODS: We analyzed 105 patients with patch test-confirmed hair dye allergy who presented between July 2009 and March 2015. Clinical symptoms, signs, associated skin diseases, involved ACD area, and patterns of hair dye use were obtained by reviewing medical records and by interview. RESULTS: HDCA was more common in women and in individuals aged more than 50 years. Pruritus was the most common symptom; erythematous macules and patches were the most frequently observed clinical signs. The most common site of HDCA was the face and non-specific eczema and urticaria were frequently observed with HDCA. Exposure time to hair dye, represented as frequency and duration, showed a positive correlation with the area affected by hair dye allergy (p < 0.001). Hair dye allergy was identified in most patients (80%) before diagnosis by patch test. However, only 28.6% of all patients stopped using hair dye, even after the diagnosis was confirmed. CONCLUSION: The extent of hair dye allergy involvement was related to exposure time to hair dye. For effective treatment of HDCA, it is important to properly educate patients with HDCA about the clinical manifestations of HDCA and to keep away from allergens.
Allergens ; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact ; Diagnosis ; Eczema ; Female ; Hair Dyes ; Hair* ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity* ; Medical Records ; Patch Tests ; Phenylenediamines ; Pruritus ; Skin Diseases ; Urticaria

Status and emerging issues in the use of praziquantel for treatment of human trematode and cestode infections are briefly reviewed. Since praziquantel was first introduced as a broadspectrum anthelmintic in 1975, innumerable articles describing its successful use in the treatment of the majority of human-infecting trematodes and cestodes have been published. The target trematode and cestode diseases include schistosomiasis, clonorchiasis and opisthorchiasis, paragonimiasis, heterophyidiasis, echinostomiasis, fasciolopsiasis, neodiplostomiasis, gymnophalloidiasis, taeniases, diphyllobothriasis, hymenolepiasis, and cysticercosis. However, Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica infections are refractory to praziquantel, for which triclabendazole, an alternative drug, is necessary. In addition, larval cestode infections, particularly hydatid disease and sparganosis, are not successfully treated by praziquantel. The precise mechanism of action of praziquantel is still poorly understood. There are also emerging problems with praziquantel treatment, which include the appearance of drug resistance in the treatment of Schistosoma mansoni and possibly Schistosoma japonicum, along with allergic or hypersensitivity reactions against praziquantel treatment. To cope with and overcome these problems, combined use of drugs, i.e., praziquantel and other newly introduced compounds such as triclabendazole, artemisinins, and tribendimidine, is being tried.
Artemisinins ; Benzimidazoles ; Cestoda ; Cestode Infections ; Clonorchiasis ; Cysticercosis ; Diphyllobothriasis ; Drug Resistance ; Echinostomiasis ; Fasciola ; Fasciola hepatica ; Humans ; Hymenolepiasis ; Hypersensitivity ; Opisthorchiasis ; Paragonimiasis ; Phenylenediamines ; Phosphatidylethanolamines ; Praziquantel ; Schistosoma japonicum ; Schistosoma mansoni ; Schistosomiasis ; Sparganosis ; Taenia ; Taeniasis ; Trematode Infections