It has recently been reported that both norepinephrine and dopamine elicit antidiuresis when given intracerebroventricularly. But no inference has been made as to their mechanisms. As dopamine is the immediate precursor of norepinephrine in the biosynthesis of catecholamine, it might be possible that dopamine might act indirectly through increased level of norepinephrine in the brain tissue. To certify whether the dopamine-induced antidiuresis is related to norepinephrine, the influence of phentolamine, a specific alpha-adrenergic blocking agent, on the centrally induced antidiuresis of both norepinephrine and dopamine was investigated in this study. Norepinephrine and dopamine given intraventricularly elicited maximal antidiuresis in doses of 10ug and 500ug, respectively. Phentolamine, administered intravenously in dose of 2mg/kg, abolished the renal effect of norepinephrine given intraventricularly, but did not influence the antidiuresis induced by dopamine. It is suggested that both norepinephrine and dopamine produce antidiuresis when given intracerebroventricularly but their actions are mediated by different mechanisms, and that norepinephrine does not participate in the renal action of dopamine.
Brain ; Dopamine* ; Norepinephrine* ; Phentolamine*

An in vitro pharmacologic study was conducted to investigate the effect of phentolamine on norepinephrine induced contraction of human corpus cavernosum. The isometric muscle tension of corpus cavernosum from 4 potent volunteers were recorded after stimulation with various concentrations of norepinephrine and phentolamine. The results are summarized as follows. Contractile response of corpus cavernosum was observed to begin in the concentration of 10(-6) M and to reach maximal level in the concentration of 10(-4)M norepinephrine. Compared to it, contractile activity of corpus cavernosum to norepinephrine was observed to be gradually decreased in response to pretreatment with phentolamine from 10(-6)M to 10(-4)M. These indicate that norepinephrine causes a dose dependent contraction of corpus cavernosum and phentolamine had a relaxant effect on norepinephrine-induced contraction of corpus cavernosum in dose dependent manner.
Humans ; Muscle Tonus ; Norepinephrine* ; Phentolamine* ; Volunteers

PURPOSE: To compare the efficacy of Bimix solution (27.3 mg/ml papaverine and 0.9 mg/ml phentolamine) versus Trimix solution (18.8 mg/ml papaverine, 0.6 mg/ml phentolamine and 6.3ug/ml prostaglandin El) in terms of erectile response and complications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We comparatively analyzed the erectile response and the incidence of pain, prolonged erection (>4 hours), and corporal fibrosis of either medication in the 155 impotent patients who used Bimix solution for intracavernous pharmacotherapy (mean duration: 15 months) and thereafter used Trimix solution (mean 12 months). RESULTS: Erectile response to Trimix solution was significantly better than Bimix solution (p<0.01). The mean dose of Bimix solution was higher than Trimix solution (0.43 ml. vs. 0.34 ml, p<0.05). The severe pain enough for impediment to ntercourse occurred in 6.5% of the Trimix group, while no patient of the Bimix group experienced (p<0.01). The corporal fibrosis was noted in 8.4% of the Trimix group and 16.1% of the Bimix group. However, there was no significant difference between the two groups (p=0.08). The incidence of prolonged erection was significantly lower (p<0.05) in the Trimix group (2.6%) than in the Bimix group (12.3%). A total of 139 patients (89.7%) finally selected Trimix solution. CONCLUSIONS: The Trimix solution was more effective and safer than Bimix solution for the treatment of erectile dysfunction.
Drug Therapy ; Erectile Dysfunction* ; Fibrosis ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Papaverine ; Phentolamine

The effects of intraventricular atropine on the heart rate was investigated in the rabbit. Intraventricular administration of atropine in a dose of 10, 30, 100, or 300 ug produced dose dependant bradycardia. Atropine (100 ug) induced bradycardia was abolished by bilateral vagotomy or intravenous atropine, and inhibited by intravenous propranolol but not by intravenous Regitine. Intraventricular Ecolid or regitine pretreatment diminished the bradycardia induced by intraventricular atropine. From the above results, it is suggested that a central adrenergic mechanism as well as vagal activity plays an important role in the intraventricular atropine-induced bradycardia.
Atropine* ; Bradycardia ; Chlorisondamine ; Heart Rate* ; Heart* ; Phentolamine ; Propranolol ; Vagotomy

1. It was attempted to clarify the mechanism of the pressor response to raised intracranial pressure in urethane-anesthetized rabbits. 2. Intraventricular clonidine markedly inhibited the pressor response to raised intracranial pressure. 3. Intraventricular regitine antagonized the above mentioned inhibitory effect of clonidine on the pressor response. 4. In reserpine-treated rabbits the pressor response to raised intracranial pressure was not observed, whereas after the intraventricular administration of norepinephrine the pressor response was observed. 5. Intraventricular clonidine inhibited the pressor response that could be observed in the reserpine-treated rabbits after the intraventricular norepinephrine. 6. It is inferred that raised intracranial pressure stimulated some part of the brain to cause the increase of norepinephrine release, resulting in the increase of the sympathetic outflow and the elevation of blood pressure.
Blood Pressure ; Brain ; Clonidine* ; Intracranial Pressure* ; Norepinephrine ; Phentolamine* ; Rabbits*

PURPOSE: This study was aimed to compare the erectile response when phentolamine of intracavernous trimix(papaverine, phentolamine, alprostadil) was replaced with chlorpromazine. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 65 patients with erectile dysfunction(63.3+/-9.19 years of age) who had already used intracavernous injection with trimix(4.5+/-2.12 years) were recruited for this study. The erection quality and adverse reactions of chlorpromazine solution were compared with those of trimix. RESULTS: Among 65 patients, the erection quality of the intracavernous chlorpromazine solution compared to that of trimix was worse in 26 patients(40%), better in 8(12.3%) and similar in 31(47.7%) when injected at the clinic. Among 45 patients who used the chlorpromazine solution for intracavernous self-injection at home for more than 3 months, however, the erection quality was worse in 13(28.9%), better in 8(17.8%) and similar in 24(53.3%). Intracavernous chlorpromazine solution-either injected at the clinic or self-injected-showed no significant adverse reaction. CONCLUSIONS: Chlorpromazine could be a safe and effective substitude of phentolamine of trimix.
Alprostadil* ; Chlorpromazine* ; Erectile Dysfunction ; Humans ; Male ; Papaverine* ; Phentolamine

PURPOSE: Glucocorticoid contribute to the pathogenesis of hypertension through intracellular signals that stimulate vascular smooth muscle contraction. However, some in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that glucocorticoid has the potential role of vasorelaxation. Therefore, we tried to investigate the effect of short acting glucocorticoid (hydrocortisone; HCS) on the isolated rabbit cavernosal smooth muscle for evaluation of the possibility of using this material as a pharmacoerecting agent. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Strips of rabbit corpus cavernosum were mounted in organ chambers. On the precontracted muscle strips with phenylephrine(PHE; 5x10-6M), HCS was treated with increasing concentration from 10microgram/mL. The relaxing activity of ACh(10-7M), phentolamine(10-8M), papaverine(10-8M), verapamil(10-6M), PGE1(10-2M), SNAP(5x10-5M) were observed with the preparation of HCS. Depolarization by KCl were observed with HCS to investigate the relationship of HCS effects to K+. RESULTS: Pretreatment of muscle strips with low dose of HCS caused concentration-related increase of a PHE induced contraction. On muscle strips submaximally precontracted with PHE, HCS(10microgram/mL to 100microgram/mL) showed no relaxations. Pretreatment of muscle strips with 10microgram/mL dose of HCS caused a potentiation of a relaxation effects of ACh, papaverine, verapamil, SNAP, PGE1 and 50microgram/mL dose of HCS caused a potentiation of a relaxation effects of ACh, phentolamine. However, 100microgram/mL dose of HCS did not produce changes of these potentiating responses to relaxation. Also, HCS did not influenced the depolarization with any concentrations of KCl. CONCLUSIONS: HCS has the potentiating effect of both the PHE-induced contraction, and the relaxation of the ACh, phentolamine, papaverine, verapamil, SNAP, PGE1 at 10-50microgram/mL concentration on the cavernosal smooth muscle.
Alprostadil ; Hypertension ; Muscle, Smooth* ; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular ; Papaverine ; Phentolamine ; Relaxation ; Vasodilation ; Verapamil

The Effects of Some Autonomic Drugs on the Elevated Intraocular Tension of the Rabbit were Investigated. 1) Intravenous or local administration of Acetylcholine isoproterenol, a small dose of epinephrine and local large dose of epinephrine shortened the recovery time of the elevated. intraocular tension of normal level. 2) Intravenous or local administration of norepinephrine and intravenous large dose of epinephrine lengthened the recovery time. 3) A small dose of intravenous dimethylphenylpiperazinium shortened the recovery time, while large dose of the former lengthened the latter. 4) Intravenous hexamethonium, Bretylium, regitine, and small dose of atropine lengthened it From the above results, it is suggested that there are cholinergic, adrenergic alpha and beta receptor in the regulatory organs of the intraocular tension and autonomic nervous system plays an important role in regulating the intraocular tension.
Acetylcholine ; Atropine ; Autonomic Agents* ; Autonomic Nervous System ; Dimethylphenylpiperazinium Iodide ; Epinephrine ; Hexamethonium ; Isoproterenol ; Norepinephrine ; Phentolamine

We recently had a patient(46 year-old) who was to undergo resection of a pheochromocytoma. The patient was treated with phenoxybenzamine for about 2 weeks preoperatively. Thiopental was used for induction followed by N2O-O2-halothane. An endotracheal semiclosed circle absorption technique with controlled ventillatian was employed. The course of anesthesia was rather stormy, reflectedby hypertension, arrhythmia and hypotension, but the patient talerated the anesthesia and surgery well with appropriate cardiovascular control using regitine, levophed, lidocaineand intravenous fluids. Importance of preoparative preparation, sufficient sedation, smooth induction, complete analgesia, good muscuar relaxation, adequate alveolar ventillation and proper cardiovascular control has been discussed. Recently some reviews of the literature on the anesthetic management of pheochromocytoma suggest that the selection of an anesthetic agent is not as important as the adequate management of the characteristics of these agents which affect the anesthetic procedures.
Absorption ; Analgesia ; Anesthesia* ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Hypotension ; Norepinephrine ; Phenoxybenzamine ; Phentolamine ; Pheochromocytoma ; Relaxation ; Thiopental

PURPOSE: We evaluated the erectile response to intracavernosal injection of a combination of papaverine, phentolamine, prostaglandin E1, and verapamil (Four-Mix). A verapamil may attenuate fibrosis in the penile corpus cavernosum during the intracavernosal injection therapy. MATERIALS AND METHOD: We undertook an assessment of the time of rigid erection, rigidity of 26 patients after intracavernosal injection. All patients had only vasculogenic erectile dysfunction. We compared pH of the drugs. All patients were performed alternative injection (initial-Tri-Mix, second-Four-Mix, third-Tri-Mix, fourth-Four-Mix) of 0.3 ml once a week, over 4 weeks. We compared erectile responses to Four-Mix with Tri-Mix using by rigidity, tumescence, and erecting time. The grade of rigidity was determined by palpation and inspection of the penis according to a scale from 1 to 4 (1-parital tumescence, 2-full tumescence, 2.5- between 2 and 3, 3-incomplete rigidity, 3.5- between 3 and 4, 4- full rigidity). RESULTS: Mean value of rigidity and erecting time to the first intracavernosal injection of Tri-Mix was 3, 107 min, respectively. Mean value of rigidity and erecting time to the second intracavernosal injection of Four-Mix was 3.52, 121 min, respectively. Mean value of rigidity and erecting time to the third intracavernosal injection of Tri-Mix was 3.52, 138 min, respectively. Mean value of rigidity and erecting time to the fourth intracavernosal injection of Four-Mix was 3.77, 113 min, respectively. The rigidity to Four-Mix injected was better than Tri-Mix (P<0.05). The erecting time was longer in Tri-Mix than Four-Mix. There were 7 cases of priapism, 4 of them were occurred using by Tri-Mix and 3 of them were occurred Using by Four-Mix. CONCLUSION: The degree of erection achieved was better with Four-Mix than with Tri-mix. The erecting time to Four-Mix injected was shorter than Tri-Mix, although the incidence of prolonged erections (greater than 5 hours) was similar with both combinations.
Alprostadil ; Erectile Dysfunction* ; Fibrosis ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Incidence ; Male ; Palpation ; Papaverine ; Penis ; Phentolamine ; Priapism ; Verapamil