BACKGROUND: Vibrio(V.) vulnificus is a halophilic, gram-negative bacillus that causes a fatal sepsis in patients with underlying chronic disease such as liver cirrhosis and alcoholic abuse. Because V. vulnificus infection has a fulminant course and high mortality rate, early recognition and rapid diagnosis with prompt therapy are necessary to improve survival rate. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to develop a new selective medium for rapid identification of V. vulnificus through color change of medium according to pH from patients suspected of having V. vulnificus sepsis. METHODS: Rapid isolation and identification of V. vulnificus can be possible by modifying the component of PNC(5% peptone, 1% NaCl, and 0.08% cellobiose [pH 8.0]) broth medium. From this PNC broth, a basal broth(5% peptone+1% NaCl+cellobiose) was prepared and used to evaluate additional medium supplements(cellobiose concentration [0.08, 0.2, 0.1%], pH [6.8, 7.5, 8.0] and pH indicator dye [bromthymol blue, thymol blue, phenol red, bromcresol purple, crystal violet, cresol red, and neutral red]). To examine the rapid identification and selectivity of this basal medium according to various conditions, V. vulnificus was tested by using saline and normal human blood containing these bacteria(1, 000 bacteria/ml), respectively at 37degrees C. A positive reaction(V. vulnificus growth) appeared as color change. The selectivity and identification capacity of this new broth was tested by using other 6 Vibrio species and 14 strains of other bacteria. RESULTS: Color change appeared only in the medium including bromthymol blue and thymol blue as a pH indicator dye. It was called the basal medium containing blue dyes as PNCB(peptone, NaCl, cellobiose and blue dye) medium. It took an average time of 4.8hr for becoming aware of yellow color change in PNCB broth after cultivating with saline mixed with V. vulnificus and 6hr in PNCB broth after cultivating with blood mixed with V. vulnificus. One Vibrio species and another 3 bacteria produced color change. So we confirmed that the final composition and pH of PNCB broth medium was 5% peptone, 1% NaCl, 0.2% cellobiose, 0.0004% bromthymol blue and 0.0004% thymol blue [pH 7.5] CONCLUSIONS: PNCB broth could be used as a selective and differential medium for rapid isolation and identification of V. vulnificus in patients with V. vulnificus sepsis.
Alcoholics ; Bacillus ; Bacteria ; Bromcresol Purple ; Bromthymol Blue ; Cellobiose ; Chronic Disease ; Coloring Agents ; Diagnosis ; Gentian Violet ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Liver Cirrhosis ; Mortality ; Peptones ; Phenolsulfonphthalein ; Sepsis* ; Survival Rate ; Thymol ; Vibrio vulnificus* ; Vibrio*

PURPOSE: Nocturia has been one of the most bothersome symptoms in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) patients. Therefore, the authors evaluated the effect of tolterodine and oxybutyninin on nocturia in BPH patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From September 2006 to March 2007, 82 patients who presented over than 2 in nocturnal bladder capacity index (NCBI) in spite of having alpha blockers for 6 months were enrolled. Group I (n=38) took alpha blocker with tolterodine, group II (n=44) took alpha blocker with oxybutynin. The number of their nocturia episodes was separately evaluated by the time before and after the medication. The complications were assessed using a questionnaire. RESULTS: The number of nocturia episodes decreased by at least 1 in 68.4% (26/38), 84.1% (37/44) of patients in group I, II, respectively, and decreased by 2 or more, 1 and were unchanged or increased were 36.8, 31.6, 31.6% in group I patients and 45.5, 38.6, 15.9% in group II patients, respectively. In baseline nocturia > or =6 group, the nocturia decreased by 1 or more in 66.7%, 77.8% in group I, II, respectively. Adverse events, including dry mouth, dizziness, headache, etc, occurred in 21.1% (8/38) in group I and 27.3% (12/44) in group II patients. The complications between two groups showed no significant differences. CONCLUSIONS: Alpha blockers with tolterodine or oxybutynin can be effectively combined as a treatment option for patients with BPH complaining of unresolved nocturia.
Dizziness ; Headache ; Humans ; Mouth ; Nocturia* ; Prostatic Hyperplasia* ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Urinary Bladder ; Tolterodine Tartrate

Overactive bladder is a chronic condition defined by bothersome urgency with or without urgency incontinence, usually associated with daytime frequency and nocturia. The treatment of this condition is to control bothersome urinary symptoms and is therefore to improve quality of life. The Korean Continence Society published the overactive bladder guideline in 2007, which suggested the mainstay of management is behavioral therapy and antimuscarinic pharmacotherapy. With growing awareness toward overactive bladder and quality of life, clinical information regarding antimuscarinic agents should be updated. There are several agents with good level of evidence and good grade of recommendation. Newer antimuscarinic agents are available or will be available in near future. The pharmacological properties, efficacy and tolerability of oxybutynin, trospium, propiverine, tolterodine, darifenacin, solifenacin, fesoterodine and imidafenacin are reviewed and discussed here. The results of major clinical studies are summarized.
Cholinergic Antagonists* ; Drug Therapy ; Muscarinic Antagonists ; Nocturia ; Quality of Life ; Urinary Bladder, Overactive* ; Solifenacin Succinate ; Tolterodine Tartrate

PURPOSE: There are few reports concerning the first-line treatment of choice for an overactive bladder. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of bladder training, tolterodine, and bladder training with tolterodine, as first-line treatments in patients with an overactive bladder. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective randomized study was conducted on 99 female patients with overactive bladders. The patients were treated with bladder training, tolterodine (2mg twice daily), and bladder training with tolterodine, as first-line treatments, for 12 weeks. Of the 99 patients, 74 (bladder training: 24, tolterodine: 24, combined: 26) were followed up for 12 weeks. The treatment efficacy was measured by a micturition diary, subjective urgency scores and subjective perception of bladder condition at the end of the treatment. The safety and tolerability were assessed from adverse events and treatment withdrawals. RESULTS: After 12 weeks of treatment, the mean frequency of micturition and nocturia decreased by 27.1 and 55.8% in the bladder training group, 30.3 and 61.9% in the tolterodine group and 32.6 and 63.2% in the combined therapy group. The subjective mean urgency score decreased by 48.4, 62.5 and 63.2% in the three respective groups. The subjective perception of bladder symptom scores at the end of the treatments were 1.5, 1.42 and 1.31, with significant improvement rates of 50.0, 58.3 and 69.3% in the bladder training, tolterodine and combined therapy groups, respectively. Adverse events, and withdrawals due to adverse events, were 23.1 and 7.7% in the tolterodine and 28.6 and 7.1% in the combined therapy groups, but there were none in the bladder training group. CONCLUSIONS: Bladder training, tolterodine and combined therapy are all effective first-line treatments in female patients with overactive bladders. There are some enhanced effects with the combined therapy than with the bladder training and tolterodine monotherapies. Because of its high success rate, relatively low cost and absence of adverse events, bladder training should be included as a first-line treatment.
Female* ; Humans ; Nocturia ; Prospective Studies* ; Treatment Outcome ; Urinary Bladder* ; Urinary Bladder, Overactive* ; Urination ; Tolterodine Tartrate

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy and adverse effects of oral tolterodine compared to oxybutynin in children with a neurogenic bladder. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 16 patients, with persistent daytime or nighttime wetting after oxybutynin medication for the treatment of a neurogenic bladder, were enrolled. All 16 patients had been crossed-over from oxybutynin to tolterodine due to serious side effects or lack of improvement. The mean age was 6.4 years (range 3 to 11), and the mean body weight was 22kg (range 16 to 33). All patients were initially treated with oral tolterodine, 2mg, twice daily. The efficacy of tolterodine was assessed in comparison to oxybutynin, and considered as improved with a greater than 50% reduction in wetting episodes, as stationary with a less than 50% reduction or as increased or aggravated with a greater than 50% increase. The tolerability was also assessed using a questionnaire for adverse events. RESULTS: The mean duration of tolterodine treatment was 193 days (range 14 to 940). After treatment with an initial tolterodine dose of 2mg bid, 5 patients (31%) were improved, 8 (50%) were stationary and 3 (19%) were aggravated. Overall, the initial tolterodine dose showed equal efficacy to that of oxybutynin (p=0.483). Of the 16 patients, side effects developed in 12 (75%) during the oxybutynin treatment, whereas only 2 (13%) developed side effects during the tolterodine treatment (p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Compared to oxybutynin, tolterodine was well tolerated in children, allowing greater compliance and offering an equally effective treatment for neurogenic incontinence in children with a neurogenic bladder. Therefore, it seems that tolterodine can be safely and effectively used to replace oxybutynin in children with a neurogenic bladder.
Body Weight ; Child* ; Compliance ; Humans ; Muscarinic Antagonists ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Urinary Bladder ; Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic* ; Tolterodine Tartrate

PURPOSE: The incidence of overactive bladder (OAB) and the efficacy of alpha blocker and tolterodine combination therapy were examined in patients with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between March 2001 and December 2001, 144 BPH patients were subdivided into those with BPH, or BPH with OAB, based on urodynamic studies. All patients were treated with alpha blockers for 3 months. Patients with no symptomatic improvement were treated with alpha blockers and tolterodine for 2 months. An increase in the International prostate symptom scores (IPSS) of more than 3 points after medication was considered an improvement, but if not, as a failure. RESULTS: Of the 144 patients, 76 (53%) had BPH and 68 (47%) had BPH with OAB. The patients with BPH and OAB were older (p<0.05), but no differences were observed in the serum creatinine, IPSS, prostate volume, maximum flow rate or post-void residual urine (PVR) between the 2 groups. After 3 months treatment with alpha blockers, 79% (60/76) of the BPH and 35% (24/68) of the BPH with OAB patients had improved (p<0.05). Of the patients showing no improvement, 38% (6/16) with BPH and 73% (32/44) with BPH and OAB showed improvement after the addition of tolterodine. CONCLUSIONS: The combination therapy was more effective than alpha blockers alone in the treatment of patients with coexisting BPH and OAB. We recommend identifying these patients with an initial urodynamic study, which allows for the appropriate management and identification of those patients that may benefit from a more invasive treatment.
Creatinine ; Humans ; Incidence* ; Prostate ; Prostatic Hyperplasia* ; Urinary Bladder ; Urinary Bladder, Overactive* ; Urodynamics ; Tolterodine Tartrate

No abstract available.
Aminosalicylic Acid* ; Cycloserine* ; Prothionamide* ; Retreatment* ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary*

For postmenopausal women who fear hormone therapy, women 60 years of age with continuous, severe hot flushing or women with a history of breast cancer, we should consider selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) as therapeutic agents. Base on the results from a meta-analysis and clinical trials regarding hot flushing, paroxetine and the conetrolled-release formultation of paroxetine have been shown to effectively reduce hot flushing by 30~40% and 60~70%, respectively, and 13~41% more reductions as compared to placebo. Venlafaxine reduced hot flushes by 30~60% (133% reductions compared to placebo), and desvenlafaxine reduced hot flushes by 30~70%. Fluoxetine and citalopram were shown to be less effective than paroxetine and venlafaxine, by 20% (113% reductions compared to placebo) and 40~50%, respectively. Sertraline reduced hot flushes 3~18% compared to the placebo group, but was considered ineffective. Citalopram (20 mg), paroxetine (10 mg), venlafaxine (37.5~150 mg), and desvenlafaxine (100~200 mg) not only reduced vasomotor symptoms, but demonstrated additional beneficial outcomes with respect to sleep disturbances, mood, the vigor index, and improved quality of life. Citalopram (20 mg), fluoxetine (20 mg), paroxetine (10 mg), venlafaxine (75~150 mg), and desvenlafaxine (150 mg) are recommended at the corresponding doses after weighing the risks and benefits of these medications. SSRIs and SNRIs were shown to interrupt the conversion of tamoxifen into the active metabolite, endoxifen, and thus SSRIs and SNRIs must not be used in breast cancer patients who are taking tamoxifen. Paroxetine suppressed vasomotor symptoms most potently, followed by fluoxetine, sertraline, citalopram, and venlafaxine.
Breast Neoplasms ; Citalopram ; Cyclohexanols ; Female ; Fluoxetine ; Flushing ; Humans ; Menopause ; Norepinephrine ; Paroxetine ; Quality of Life ; Risk Assessment ; Serotonin ; Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors ; Sertraline ; Tamoxifen ; Desvenlafaxine Succinate ; Venlafaxine Hydrochloride

PURPOSE: We evaluated the effects of amitiptyline, as one of the first-line therapies, on the nocturia of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between June 2005 and December 2006, 50 patients completed this study(Group I=20, Group II=14, Group III=16). Group I was treated with doxazocin 4mg, group II was treated with doxazocin 4mg and tolterodine 4mg and the third group was treated with doxazocin 4mg and amitriptyline 10mg. We measured the treatment efficacy, the clinical parameters and we examined three days of the voiding diaries at baseline and after 4 weeks of treatment, respectively. RESULTS: After 4 weeks of treatment, all the patients had significant improvement for the International Prostate Symptom Score(IPSS) and the quality of life(QoL) score among the clinical parameters and they also showed improvement of their frequency of micturition per 24 hours, per night(nocturnal frequency) among the voiding diary parameters(p<0.05). For the post-treatment comparison of the nocturnal frequency, there was a significant difference between group I and group II as well as between group I and group III(p<0.05), and there was no difference between group II and group III(p>0.05). Although there was 1 case of mild dry-mouth in group II and 1 case of mild dry-mouth and drowsiness in group III, none of the patient dropped out due to side effects. CONCLUSIONS: We found significant improvement in the IPSS, the QoL score and the nocturnal frequency after treatment with amitriptyline 10mg. Therefore, amitriptyline 10mg would be helpful as a first-line therapy for BPH patients with nocturia.
Amitriptyline ; Benzhydryl Compounds ; Cresols ; Humans ; Nocturia ; Phenylpropanolamine ; Prostate ; Prostatic Hyperplasia ; Sleep Stages ; Treatment Outcome ; Urination ; Tolterodine Tartrate

Hypersensitivity reactions against para-aminos alicylic have been recorded infrequently in the literature. It is the purpose of this report to emphasize the possible occurence of severe reactions which may result in death if unrecognized. The recognition of the early signs and symptoms of a hypersensitivity reaction to antituberculous drugs is all important because serious consequences can ensue from continued administration of the drug after the first sign of a reaction. This case present acute liver failure as part of a generalized hypersensititivity reaction to para-aminosalicylic acid, based on clinical findings liver function test, course and response to cortison derivatives.
Aminosalicylic Acid ; Hypersensitivity ; Liver Failure, Acute ; Liver Function Tests