OBJECTIVETo establish a GC/MS method for analysis of beta-estradiol (beta-E2), bisphenol A (BPA), diethylstilbestrol (DES) and salbutamol (SAL) in human urine.

METHODSHuman urine samples were extracted by cleanert PCX and cleanert PEP cartridges; and derivatized after dried completely. beta-E2, BPA, DES and SAL in the extracts were measured by GC/MS method with DB-5MS capillary column and EI ion-source.

RESULTThe calibration curves for beta-E2 in samples were linear over the concentration ranges of 1 approximately 300 ng ml(-1), for BPA were 1 approximately 200 ng ml(-1), for DES were 2 approximately 300 ng ml(-1) and for SAL were 0.01 approximately 1.2 microg ml(-1). The limits of detection were 0.15 ng ml(-1), 0.19 ng ml(-1), 0.23 ng ml(-1) and 1.0 ng ml(-1)for beta-E2, BPA, DES and SAL, respectively. The assay recoveries for beta-E2, BPA, DES and SAL ranged from 93.4 % approximately 110.5 %, 84.7 % approximately 104.9 %, 87.0 % approximately 105.4 % and 81.8 % approximately 96.8 %, respectively.

CONCLUSIONThe established GC/MS method can detect beta-E2, BPA, DES and SAL in urine samples simultaneously, which can be used in routine assessment and monitoring of beta-E2, BPA, DES and SAL in human body.

Albuterol ; urine ; Benzhydryl Compounds ; Diethylstilbestrol ; urine ; Environmental Pollutants ; urine ; Estradiol ; urine ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Humans ; Phenols ; urine

BACKGROUND: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is becoming a global health problem. Bisphenol A (BPA), one of most widely used environmental chemicals, is suspected to be a contributor to the development NAFLD. This study was performed to examine the relationship between human BPA levels and risk of NAFLD. METHODS: The data (n = 3476 adults: 1474 men and 2002 women) used in this study were obtained from the Korean National Environmental Health Survey III (2015-2017). BPA levels were measured in urine samples. NAFLD was defined using hepatic steatosis index after exclusion of other causes of hepatic diseases. RESULTS: There was a significant linear relationship between the elevated urinary BPA concentrations and risk of NAFLD. In a univariate analysis, odds ratio (OR) of the highest quartile of urinary BPA level was 1.47 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.11-1.94] compared to the lowest quartile. After adjusted with covariates, the ORs for NAFLD in the third and fourth quartiles were 1.31 [95% CI 1.03-1.67] and 1.32 [95% CI 1.03-1.70], respectively. CONCLUSIONS Urinary BPA levels are positively associated with the risk of NAFLD in adults. Further experimental studies are needed to understand the molecular mechanisms of BPA on NAFLD prevalence.
Asians ; Benzhydryl Compounds/urine* ; Environmental Exposure ; Environmental Health ; Female ; Health Surveys ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/epidemiology* ; Phenols/urine* ; Republic of Korea/epidemiology*

OBJECTIVETo establish a comprehensive analytical method based on SPE-UPLC-MS for the simultaneous determination of bisphenol A (BPA), nonylphenol (NP), and octylphenol (OP) in urine samples.

METHODSSixty urine samples collected from healthy subjects were analyzed for BPA, NP, and OP concentrations. The samples were de-conjugated by adding β-glucuronidase and sulfatase. After the enzymatic treatment, the samples were subjected to the OASIS HLB column solid phase extraction cartridges so as to be cleaned and concentrated. The UPLC separation was performed on a Acquity UPLCTM BEH C18 column (2.1×100 mm, 1.7 μm) with a gradient elution system of methanol-water as the mobile phase. Triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry analyzer was used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of UPLC-MS/MS system.

RESULTSThe limit of detection of BPA, NP, and OP was 0.10, 0.10, and 0.15 ng/mL, respectively. The recoveries of BPA, NP and OP were 80.1%-108%, 81.3%-109%, and 81.5%-98.7%, respectively. Among the 60 urine samples, BPA was detected in 8 samples at the level of 0.297-32.7ng/mL, NP was detected in 29 samples at the level of 1.69-27.8 ng/mL, and OP was detected in 17 samples at the level of 0.407-11.1 ng/mL.

CONCLUSIONThe method is simple with high sensitivity and selectivity, and is suitable for the determination of BPA, NP, and OP in urine. As shown by our analysis, BPA, NP, and OP appear to be prevalent in human urine. This is particularly true for NP. The results from our study is therefore valuable for future studies to assess the exposure to BPA, NP, and OP in the general population.

Benzhydryl Compounds ; Chromatography, Liquid ; methods ; Humans ; Mass Spectrometry ; methods ; Phenols ; urine ; Reference Values ; Solid Phase Extraction ; methods

OBJECTIVEThis study was to investigate the association of Bisphenol A and unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion.

METHODSA hospital-based 1:1 matched case-control study was conducted. Sixty patients with unexplained recurrent abortion were included. Each case was matched with one normal control by age (± 2 years), living district and the same gestational age. The levels of Bisphenol A in urine for 60 cases and 60 controls were detected using high performance liquid chromatography after fluorescent derivatization. The levels of urinary Bisphenol A in case was compared with that in control in education levels, occupation, smoking history. Data was analyzed by means of Wilcoxon-test, Student-Newman-Keuls after rank transform, univariate and multivariate conditional Logistic regression analysis. The software used was SAS 9.1.3.

RESULTSThe values of urinary Bisphenol A in cases and controls were (0.10 ± 0.21) µg/ml, (0.03 ± 0.08) µg/ml, respectively. The level of urinary Bisphenol A in cases was significantly higher than that in controls (Z = 3.988, P < 0.0001). The urinary Bisphenol A levels in cases were significant higher than those in controls from senior middle school (the levels were 0.10, 0.06 µg/ml respectively, Z = 1.996, P = 0.0459), college (the levels were 0.14, 0.03 µg/ml respectively, Z = 2.586, P = 0.0097), workers or farmers (the levels were 0.08, 0.03 µg/ml respectively, Z = 2.265, P = 0.0235), businessmen (the levels were 0.10, 0.03 µg/ml respectively, Z = 2.544, P = 0.0109), and no passive smokers (the levels were 0.09, 0.03 µg/ml respectively, Z = 3.767, P = 0.0002). After adjustment by age, body mass index, marital status during pregnancy and other factors, compared to Bisphenol A below 0.06 µg/ml, the adjusted OR was 4.03 (1.67 - 9.74) for Bisphenol A levels between 0.06 µg/ml and 0.20 µg/ml, and was 5.46 (1.95 - 15.27) for Bisphenol A over 0.20 µg/ml. The risk of unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion increased progressively with the growth of urinary Bisphenol A levels (χ(2) = 13.042, trend test P = 0.0003). There were significant differences on Bisphenol A among controls, two abortions, and three or more abortions (the levels were 0.03 µg/ml, 0.09 µg/ml, 0.21 µg/ml respectively, F = 9.04, P = 0.0002).

CONCLUSIONExposure to Bisphenol A may be associated with unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion.

Abortion, Habitual ; etiology ; Abortion, Spontaneous ; etiology ; Adult ; Benzhydryl Compounds ; Case-Control Studies ; Causality ; Female ; Humans ; Maternal Exposure ; adverse effects ; Phenols ; urine ; Pregnancy ; Young Adult