Salidroside, as one of the main active ingredients of Rhodiala plant, has the effects of anti-hypoxia, anti-radiation, anti-fatigue, anti-tumor, hypoglycemia and improving immunity. With the increasing demand for salidroside and the decreasing of plant resources, microbial production of salidroside has attracted much attention due to its advantages of short period and easy controlling. At present, microbial production of salidroside is still at the basic research stage. In order to make it easier for researchers to understand the advances of microbial synthesis of salidroside, the biosynthesis pathways, uridine diphosphate glucosyltransferases, wild strain/natural enzymes and engineered strain/recombinant enzymes were reviewed.
Biosynthetic Pathways ; Glucosides ; metabolism ; Phenols ; metabolism

Solanum lycopersicum phenylalanine ammonia-lyase 5 (SlPAL5) gene regulates the metabolism of phenolic compounds. The study of transcription factors that regulate the expression of SlPAL5 gene is of great significance to elucidate the regulatory mechanism underlying the biosynthesis of phenolic compounds in tomato fruit induced by UV-C irradiation. Here, yeast one-hybrid library of tomato fruit was constructed, and the yeast one-hybrid technology was used to screen the transcription factors that regulate the expression of SlPAL5, the key gene related to the synthesis of phenolic compounds in tomato fruit. As a result, a transcription factor, SlERF7, was obtained and sequenced, followed by the blast homology analysis. Further experiments confirmed that SlERF7 interacted with the promoter of SlPAL5 gene. In addition, UV-C irradiation significantly increased the expression level of SlERF7. These results indicate that SlERF7, which is regulated by UV-C irradiation, might be involved in regulating the transcription of SlPAL5, which provided foundations for further studying the regulation mechanism of the biosynthesis of phenolic compounds in tomato fruit induced by UV-C irradiation.
Fruit ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Lycopersicon esculentum/metabolism* ; Phenols ; Plant Proteins/metabolism* ; Transcription Factors/metabolism*

OBJECTIVEThis paper aimed to study the dynamic changes of enzyme activities and active component contents in Lonicera japonica during different blossoming stages.

METHODThe enzyme activities of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (POD) and the contents of total phenol, total flavonoids, chlorogenic acid, anthocyanins in L. japonica during different blossoming stages were determined.

RESULTThe contents of total phenolics, total flavonoids, anthocyanins decreased from the Sanqing stage to Jinhua stage while the content of chlorogenic acid increased slightly in white period, and then decreased gradually. The activities of three enzymes decreased gradually from Sanqing stage, and got to a minimum value in Yinhua stage, then increased slightly until the Jinhua stage.

CONCLUSIONThe enzyme activities of PPO and POD correlated the content of phenolic substances positively before the Jinhua stage in L. japonica. In the period of maturity, the POD activity was strengthened due to the induction of respiration and became the key enzyme to control active component content during the mature stage.

Catechol Oxidase ; metabolism ; Flowers ; Lonicera ; chemistry ; enzymology ; Peroxidase ; metabolism ; Phenols ; analysis

Salidroside, the 8-O-beta-D-glucoside of tyrosol, is a novel adaptogenic drug extracted from the medicinal plant Rhodiola sachalinensis A. Bor. Due to the scarcity of R. sachalinensis and its low yield of salidroside, there is great interest in enhancing the production of salidroside by biotechnological process. Glucosylation of tyrosol is thought to be the final step in salidroside biosynthesis. In our related works, three UGT clones were isolated from the roots and the cultured cells. Our intention was to combine the catalytic specificity of these UGTs in vitro in order to change the level of salidroside in vivo by over-expression of the above UGTs. However, as the aglycone substrate of salidroside, the biosynthetic pathway of tyrosol and its regulation are less well understood. The results of related studies revealed that there are two different possibilities for the tyrosol biosynthetic pathway. One possibility is that tyrosol is produced from a p-coumaric acid precursor, which is derived mainly from phenylalanine. The second possibility is that the precursor of tyrosol might be tyramine, which is synthesized from tyrosine. Our previous work demonstrated that over-expression of the endogenous phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene (PALrs1) and accumulation of p-coumaric acid did not facilitate tyrosol biosynthesis. In contrast, the data presented in our recent work provide in vitro and in vivo evidence that the tyrosine decarboxylase (RsTyrDC) is most likely to have an important function in the initial reaction of the salidroside biosynthesis pathway in R. Sachalinensis.
Genetic Engineering ; Glucosides ; biosynthesis ; Glycosylation ; Phenols ; Phenylethyl Alcohol ; analogs & derivatives ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Rhodiola ; metabolism ; Tyrosine ; metabolism ; Tyrosine Decarboxylase ; metabolism

Animals ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Methoxychlor ; blood ; metabolism ; Phenols ; blood ; Rabbits

OBJECTIVETo explore the effects of nonylphenol on brain gene expression profiles in F1 generation rats by microarray technique.

METHODSmRNA was extracted from the brain of 2-day old F1 generation male rats whose F0 female generation was either exposed to nonylphenol or free from nonylphenol exposure, and then it was reversely transcribed to cDNA labeled with cy5 and cy3 fluorescence. Subsequently, cDNA probes were hybridized to two BiostarR-40S cDNA gene chips and fluorescent signals of cy5 and cy3 were scanned and analyzed. Results Two genes were differentially down-regulated.

CONCLUSIONNonylphenol may disturb the neuroendocrine function of male rats when administered perinatally.

Animals ; Brain ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Female ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Male ; Phenols ; pharmacology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

OBJECTIVETo investigate the relationship of time-concentration of bisphenol A (BPA) in male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats after single oral BPA administration.

METHODSA total of 66 specific pathogen free (SPF) SD male rats were divided into 10 experimental groups and control group (n = 6). The experimental group rats were treated with BPA of 300 mg/kg by oral gavage and blood samples were taken from one group at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, 36, 60, 84 h time point after oral administration, respectively. The serum BPA concentration was determined by fluorescence-high performance liquid chromatography (FL-HPLC) analysis.

RESULTSAfter oral administration of 300 mg/kg, the total serum BPA concentration of 17.13 microg/ml was the highest in rats at 1 h, then decreased, but it increased to 15.18 microg/ml again at 24 h, then gradually decreased to 0.51 microg/ml at 84 h. The level of serum free BPA was lower than that of total serum BPA after oral administration, the serum free BPA was 0.57 microg/ml at 0.5 h after oral administration. The serum free BPA level decreased to 0.06 microg/ml at 1 h, 0.03 microg/ml at 4 h, 0.01 microg/ml at 36 h after oral administration. The free BPA was only 4.15% (0.57/13.73) in total BPA in serum at 0.5 h after oral administration of 300 mg/kg BPA.

CONCLUSIONThese results suggested that conjugated BPA was the main metabolite of BPA in rat serum after single oral administration. Enterohepatic circulation of BPA glucuronide in rats may results in two peak levels of total BPA in serum.

Animals ; Benzhydryl Compounds ; Male ; Phenols ; blood ; pharmacokinetics ; toxicity ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Serum ; metabolism ; Time Factors

OBJECTIVETo study the transdermal absorbability of gentiopicroside, naringin and protosappanin B contained in Xuanbi gel plaster.

METHODThe Franz diffusing cells method was adopted for the in vitro model of rat belly skins. Three indexes, gentiopicroside, naringin and protosappanin B, residued in the accept liquid, skins and plaster were determined by HPLC.

RESULTThe penetration rates of gentiopicroside, naringin and protosappanin B were respectively 3.47, 1.59, 2.13 microg x cm(-2) x h(-1). After 24 h, their penetration rates were 25.42%, 11.73%, 17.78%, respectively. The residual quantities of gentiopieroside, naringin and protosappanin B in skin were 0.231, 0.593, 0.568 microg x cm(-2), ith the retention rates of 0.027%, 0.227%, 0.475%, respectively. The amount of residue of gentiopicroside, naringin and protosappanin B in plaster were 2179, 674, 278 microg, with the retention rates of 81.36%, 81.92%, 73.83%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONThe in vitro transdermal behavior of Xuanbi gel plaster is close to a zero-order process. The residual quantity the retention rate in skins is much lower than the penetration rate and the residual rate in plaster.

Administration, Cutaneous ; Animals ; Flavanones ; metabolism ; Gels ; chemistry ; Iridoid Glucosides ; metabolism ; Male ; Phenols ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Skin Absorption

OBJECTIVETo study the correlation of toxicity with biodegradability (BODT) in order to promote QSBR development and understand the degradation mechanism.

METHODSToxicity of substituted phenols to river bacteria was determined by the turbidities that were measured using a spectrophotometer (UV-190) at 530 nm against a blank control. The biodegradability of substituted phenols was expressed as BODT and the DO concentrations were determined by the iodometric titration method.

RESULTSThe BODT and toxicity(log 1/IC50) of 12 substituted phenols to bacteria from the Songhua River were determined respectively. The correlation of biodegradability with toxicity was developed: BODT=8.21 (+/-2.22) pKa -32.44 (+/-8.28) log 1/IC50 +89.04 (+/-38.20), n=12, R2=0.791, R2(adj)=0.745, SE=9.134, F=17.066, P=0.001.

CONCLUSIONThe BODT of substituted phenols was influenced by their toxicity and the ionization constant pKa. The stronger the toxicity, the less readily the compound was degraded by river bacteria.

Bacteria ; metabolism ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; Data Interpretation, Statistical ; Models, Biological ; Phenols ; chemistry ; metabolism ; toxicity ; Rivers ; microbiology ; Water Pollutants, Chemical ; metabolism ; toxicity

OBJECTIVETo isolate, incubate, and identify 4-chlorophenol-degrading complex bacteria, determine the tolerance of these bacteria to phenolic derivatives and study their synergetic metabolism as well as the aboriginal micrpbes and co-metabolic degradation of mixed chlorophenols in river water.

METHODSMicrobial community of complex bacteria was identified by plate culture observation techniques and Gram stain method. Bacterial growth inhibition test was used to determine the tolerance of complex bacteria to toxicants. Biodegradability of phenolic derivatives was determined by adding 4-chlorophenol-degrading bacteria in river water.

RESULTSThe complex bacteria were identified as Mycopiana, Alcaligenes, Pseudomonas, and Flavobacterium. The domesticated complex bacteria were more tolerant to phenolic derivatives than the aboriginal bacteria from Qinhuai River. The biodegradability of chlorophenols, dihydroxybenzenes and nitrophenols under various aquatic conditions was determined and compared. The complex bacteria exhibited a higher metabolic efficiency on chemicals than the aboriginal microbes, and the final removal rate of phenolic derivatives was increased at least by 55% when the complex bacteria were added into river water. The metabolic relationship between dominant mixed bacteria and river bacteria was studied.

CONCLUSIONThe complex bacteria domesticated by 4-chlorophenol can grow and be metabolized to take other chlorophenols, dihydroxybenzenes and nitrophenols as the sole carbon and energy source. There is a synergetic metabolism of most compounds between the aboriginal microbes in river water and the domesticated complex bacteria. 4-chlorophenol-degrading bacteria can co-metabolize various chlorophenols in river water.

Bacteria ; metabolism ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; Phenols ; metabolism ; Rivers ; microbiology ; Water ; chemistry ; Water Pollutants, Chemical ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Water Purification