OBJECTIVETo study the procedure of seed quality testing and seed grading scale of Phellodendron amurense.

METHODSeed quality testing methods were developed, which included the test of sampling, seed purity, weight per 1 000 seeds, seed moisture, seed viability and germination rate. The related data from 62 cases of seed specimens of P. amurense were analyzed by cluster analysis.

RESULT AND CONCLUSIONThe seed quality test procedure was developed, and the seed quality grading scale was formulated.

Cluster Analysis ; Germination ; Phellodendron ; embryology ; Quality Control ; Seeds ; Weights and Measures

OBJECTIVETo study the water-soluble chemical constituents from the fruits of Phellodendron chinense var. glabriusculum.

METHODChemical constituents were purified by chromatographic methods and identified by spectroscopic analysis.

RESULTEight known compounds were obtained, whose structures were elucidated as sinapyl 9-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (1), betulalbuside A (2), arbutin (3), adenosine (4), 3,5-dihydroxyphenethyl alcohol 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (5), orcinol-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (6), N-trans-p-coumaroyloctopamine (7), berberine (8) respectively.

CONCLUSIONCompounds 1-7 were obtained from Phellodendron chinense var. glabriusculum for the first time.

Fruit ; chemistry ; Phellodendron ; chemistry ; Plant Extracts ; chemistry ; Solubility ; Water ; chemistry

Through the investigation of Phellodendron Cortex on the market, and 28 batches of samples were collected. By using spectrophotometer the color values of outer surface, inner surface and cross - section of these samples were measured. These measured color data was translated into 3D structure diagram by using the Lab color space tool. The level difference value, the mean value and the threshold value were calculated based the measured color data of these different batches of samples. All 28 groups measured data was analyzed using the methods of Ward linkage and average Euclidean distance. At the same time, we invited Professor Jin Shiyuan, the "Chinese medicine master", to identify, quality-evaluate and grade these 28 batches of Phellodendron Cortex samples base on the traditional experience, then compared the traditional empirical results with the spectrophotometer measurement results. The result showed that, the Phellodendron Cortex could be divided into Phellodendri Amurensis Cortex and Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex by color numerical clustering, and classified according to quality. The classification result has a high degree of consistency with the traditional experience.
China ; Color ; Herbal Medicine ; economics ; Phellodendron ; chemistry ; classification ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; classification ; Quality Control ; Spectrophotometry

The TCMGIS- I (Suitability evaluation geographic information system of traditional Chinese medicine producing area ) was developed and used to analyze the appropriate producing area of Phellodendron amurense in China. Taoshan county of Heilongjiang province, one of the main producing areas of the geo-authentic crude drug, was selected as the analytical basal place. The results show that besides traditional producing area in Taoshan county of Heilongjiang province, 131 counties of the provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning and Innermongolia are also alternative areas according to the eco-soil condition that the medicinal plants needed, and the sum area are 567 989. 3 m2, the results also indicate some condign regions in Innermongolia municipality. The system is much valuable to the division of adaptive area, introduction and acclimatization of medicinal materials.
Acclimatization ; China ; Ecosystem ; Geographic Information Systems ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Phellodendron ; growth & development ; physiology

A RP-HPLC method was established for simultaneous determination of phellodendrine hydrochloride (PH1), magnoflorine hydrochloride (MH), jatrorrhizine hydrochloride (JH), palmatine hydrochloride (PH2) and berberine hydrochloride (BH) in Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex by using ionic liquids as mobile phase additives. The separation was performed on a Kromasil C18 (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 μm) coupled with ultraviolet (UV) detection. The effect of extraction solvent, detection wavelength, length of alkyl chain on different imidazolium ionic liquids and concentration of ionic liquids on the separation and determination of alkaloids were investigated. Ionic liquid, [BMIm] BF4, can obviously improve the resolution and peak shape. This ILs-HPLC method is simple, rapid, and reliable, which can be used for determination of alkaloids in Phellodenddri Chinensis Cortex.
Alkaloids ; analysis ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; analysis ; Phellodendron ; chemistry

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of mixed extracts of aralia cortex and phellodendron cortex (P55A) on activities of human gingival fibroblasts and periodontal ligament cells in vitro. First experiment was done to evaluate the effect of PS5A in normal condition. In control group, die cells(4.5 x 10(4)cells/ml) were cultured with Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium contained with 10% fetal bovine serum. In experimental groups, P55A was added to the above culture condition at the final concentrations of 0.1 microgram/ml(Test group 1),1 microgram/ml(Test group 2) and 10 microgram/ml(Test group3). Then each group was tested for the cell proliferation rate at 1/2 , 2 , 5 days, protein levels at 2, 5 days, and alkaine phosphatase activity at 2 , 5 days. Second experiment was done to evaluate the effect of P55A in high glucose condition. 200 mg/dl glucose was added to the same culture condition of all groups in first experiment. Then each group was tested for the cell proliferation rate at 1/2 , 2 , 5 days, protein levels at 2 , 5 days, and alkaline phoaphatase activity at 2, 5 days. The results were as follows ; 1. First experiment 1) As P55A concentration increased, cell proliferation rate increased significantly in test group 2 at 2 days, and test group 2 and 3 at 5 days in human gingival fibroblasts and periodontal ligament cells(P<0.05). 2) In human gingival fibroblasts, all test groups showed significantly increased protein levels as compared to control group at 5 days. In periodontal ligament cells, test group 2 and 3 showed significantly increased protein levels as compared to control group at 2 , 5 days(P<0.05). 3) Alkaline phosphatase activity of human periodontal ligament cells increased as P55A concentration increased. The test group 2 and 3showed significant increase as compared to control group at 5 days(P<0.05). 2. Second experiment 1) As P55A concentration increased, cell proliferation rate increased significantly in test group 2 at 2 days, and test group 2 and 3 at 5 days in human gingival fibroblasts and periodontal ligament cells(P<0.05). 2) In human gingival fibroblasts, all test group 3 showed significantly increased protein levels as compared to control group at 2 days, and all test groups at 5 days. In periodontal ligament cells, test group 2 and 3 showed significantly increased protein levels as compared to control group at 2, 5 days(P<0.05). 3) Alkaline phosphatase activity of human periodontal ligament cells increased as P55A concentration increased. The test group 2 and 3 showed significant increase as compared to control group 2 at 2 days, and all test groups at 5 days(P<0.05). From the above results, mixed extracts of aralia cortex and phellodendron cortex appeared to enhance cellular activities including cell proliferation rate, protein levels and alkaline phosphatase activity of human gingival fibroblasts and periodontal ligament cells in normal and high glucose condition. This study suggests that mixed extracts of aralia cortex and phellodendron cortex seem to be able to subside the inflammation of periodontal tissue and regenerate the destructed periodontal tissue.
Alkaline Phosphatase ; Aralia* ; Cell Proliferation ; Fibroblasts ; Glucose ; Humans* ; Inflammation ; Periodontal Ligament ; Phellodendron*

OBJECTIVETo determine the change pattern of alkaline and acid components of Dahuang and Huangbai amoung different combinations in Dahuang Xiaoshi decotion.

METHODThe contents of anthraquinones and berberine were determined by HPLC in samples of Dahuang extracts, Huangbai extracts, Dahuang and Huangbai pair medicine extracts, and extracts of whole recipe.

RESULTThe contents of anthraquinones and berberine were decreased with the changes of combinations: from component medicinal material alone to pair medicines, and to whole recipe. the change pattern was more apparent in water decoctions than in ethanol extracts.

CONCLUSIONThe contents of alkaline and acid components are changed with different extract methods and different combinations.

Acids ; analysis ; Alkalies ; analysis ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; Phellodendron ; chemistry ; Rheum ; chemistry

"Huangbo" is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine in clinic,which is mainly divided into " Chuanhuangbo" and " Guanhuangbo" in the market today. It's better to use thick and dark stem bark as medicine. This study combed the germplasms of " Huangbo" in Chinese herbal medicines and ancient medical books,which showed that the name,origin and processing of " Huangbo" had undergone evolution and changes since the ancient times. The results showed that " Huangbo" was first known as " Bomu" from " Sheng Nong's Herbal Classic". There was an attached name " Tanhuan" and the alias " Huangbo" besides " Bomu" in herbal books in Tang and Song Dynasty. Before Tang Dynasty, " Bomu" was mainly originated from stems or roots of Berberis species in Berberiaceae,and then it was mainly derived from the dry bark of Phellodendron chinense in Rutaceae since Song Dynasty. In Ming Dynasty,some herbal books recorded it name as " Huangbo",whose origin and medicinal parts remained unchanged,taking Sichuan as the best producing area. During the Republic of China era,the name " Huangbo" has evolved to " Huangbo",and the variety differentiation of " Chuanhuangbo", " Guanhuangbo" and " Yanghuangbo" appeared,in which " Guanhuangbo" was mainly derived from Ph. amurense Rupr.. In modern times,although species differentiation still exists in " Huangbo",the market is still dominated by " Chuanhuangbo".
Books ; China ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Phellodendron ; Plant Roots

OBJECTIVETo optimize the technology of Ermiao Wan decoction by SBE with uniform design.

METHODUniform design was used to optimize the efficient processing conditions of the SBE for Ermiao Wan decoction according to the content of the berberine, total alkaloids, volatile oil and the yield of the total extract.

RESULTThe extract condition for Ermiao Wan decoction was set up as follow: the pH value of the water was 6.00, 6.50 and 8.7, respectively,and the extract times were 2, 1 and 1 h,respectively.

CONCLUSIONThe optimized extraction condition of the SBE for Ermiao Wan decoction is reasonable.

Alkaloids ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Berberine ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Phellodendron ; chemistry ; Technology, Pharmaceutical ; methods

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the genetic diversity from ex-situ conservation population of Phellodendron amurense.

METHODGenetic diversity in 67 individuals from ex-situ conservation population of P. amurense were assessed using AFLP technique by eight fluorescent labeled primer groups.

RESULTThe eight primer combinations generated a total of 1,574 bands, of which 1,354 were polymorphic. As for P. amurense at species level, the percentage of polymorphic loci (PPL) was 86.02, the effective number of alleles per locus (Ne) was 1.4275 ,the Nei's gene diversity (H) was 0.2312, and the Shannon's information index (I) was 0.3973. At the population level, the estimates PPL=41.55, H=0.1400, Ne=0.2376 and I=0.2113.

CONCLUSIONThe effect of present ex-situ conservation was preliminarily assessed.

Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; DNA Primers ; genetics ; Genetic Variation ; Phellodendron ; classification ; genetics ; Phylogeny ; Polymorphism, Genetic