At a low dosage of Aspirin (75-325 mg/day) can cause the severe gatro-intestinal bleeding. The adverse reactions of the path of scopolamine are dry mouth, drowsiness, temporarily vision imparement. Fluoroquinolon interacts adversely with mefloquin and many anti-malarial agents. Natrithiosulphate can be used as prophylaxis of hearing loss due to the use of carboplatin for brain cancer. Benzodiazepine is contraindicated in pregnant women and breast feeding because of hypobody temperature, hypertension, respiratory failure in children. Midazolam causes confusion, mania, unsuitability, anxiety, hinding. It is not proven that the use of corticoid during pregnancy and breast feeding whether cause defect in newborn or not. The loss of memory is most frequent when using dexfenfluramine. Some drugs made in Canada related with lasting the QT interval and tosade depoint. The proton-pumping inhibitors cause the hematologic disorder.
Drug Information Services ; Pharmaceutical Preparations

BACKGROUND: The recent change in pharmaceutical education system following the paradigm shift to patient-oriented pharmacy service requires an in-depth discussion to reorganize a future direction and establish a basis for maximizing social values of community pharmacy service. OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to review the current status of community pharmacy service provision in Korea based on published literatures. METHODS: The electronic databases of National Digital Science Library and Electronic National Assembly Library were used to search the journal articles and dissertation papers. A search term "community pharmacy" was used and the published period was limited to papers published after year 2001, when the legal separation of prescribing and dispensing was implemented. Relevant study reports were also searched manually. Information about pharmacy service provision and study outcomes were retrieved from the selected papers, and classified by predefined individual service scope. RESULTS: A total 33 papers reporting services provided by community pharmacies were selected (journal article 11, dissertation paper 17, and study report 5). Pharmacy services identified in these papers could be classified into prescription dispensing service, pharmaceutical care service, self medication service, other products service, and health promotion service. Twenty papers reported prescription dispensing services, three papers reported pharmaceutical care service, and only two papers reported health promotion service. Current community pharmacy services are highly dependent on prescription drugs while expanded services such as pharmaceutical care and health promotion are peripheral. Most prevalent research topic was medication counseling service (18 papers), reflecting that community pharmacists generally consider it to be the most important and fundamental service. Overall, current pharmacy services are very limited and focus on prescription dispensing service. CONCLUSION: At this point of time requiring expansion and quality improvement of community pharmacy services, we suggest further lively discussion to strengthen pharmacist's functional identity and set conditions for providing socially expected services.
Community Pharmacy Services ; Counseling ; Education, Pharmacy ; Health Promotion ; Humans ; Korea* ; Pharmaceutical Services* ; Pharmacies* ; Pharmacists ; Prescription Drugs ; Prescriptions ; Quality Improvement ; Self Medication ; Social Values

According to the results of an investigation on 270 households in May 1999 carried out in Tien Son district, Bac Ninh province, 56 (20.79%) purchasing households came to commune health centre, 195 (72.22%) came to private clinic, 8 (2.96%) came to public pharmacy and 11 (4.03%) came to private pharmacy. Quality of the drug, easiness to access, reasonable price, good counseling... are the favorable factors to promote the purchaser's choice
Pharmaceutical Preparations ; Pharmaceutical Services

INTRODUCTIONElectronic prescribing has been proposed as an important strategy to reduce medication errors, improve the quality of patient care and create savings in health care costs. Despite these potential advantages, user satisfaction plays a significant role in the success of its implementation. Hence, this study aims to examine users' satisfaction and factors associated with satisfaction regarding an electronic prescription system implemented in the National Healthcare Group Polyclinics in Singapore.

MATERIALS AND METHODSAn anonymous survey was administered in October 2007 to all physicians, pharmacists and pharmacy technicians working in the 9 National Healthcare Group Polyclinics.

RESULTSRespondents included 118 doctors and 61 pharmacy staff. The overall level of satisfaction with electronic prescribing was high. Doctors and pharmacists reported a high degree of agreement that electronic prescribing reduces prescribing errors and interventions, and they did not want to go back to the paper-based system. Users were generally satisfied with the functionality of the system but there was some degree of workflow interference particularly for the pharmacy staff. Only 56.9% of the pharmacy respondents expressed satisfaction with the review function of the electronic prescription system and only 51.8% and 60% were satisfied when processing prescriptions that included items to be purchased from an external pharmacy or prescriptions with amendments. The results also revealed that satisfaction with the system was more associated with users' perceptions about the electronic prescription system's impact on productivity than quality of care.

CONCLUSIONThe survey results indicate that the implementation of the electronic prescription system has gone reasonably well. The survey findings provide opportunities for system and workflow enhancement, which is important as these issues could affect the acceptability of a new technology and the speed of diffusion within an organisation.

Consumer Behavior ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Diffusion of Innovation ; Electronic Prescribing ; Health Care Surveys ; Humans ; Medical Order Entry Systems ; Pharmaceutical Services ; Pharmacists ; psychology ; Physicians ; psychology ; Singapore

Since Government have been defined the economy of Vietnam is commodity economy with multicomponent under management of Government. The pharmaceutical Branch have been had a firm advance that responded the requisition about drug in task of protection and care of people's health. The attainment such results is to have the great contribution of private pharmaceutical practice system. We hope that the pharmaceutical will have soon a summation about this problem to infer strengths and weaknesses, and valuable lessons, helping the private pharmaceutical practice more and more completely
Pharmaceutical Services ; Pharmacy

To improve the quality of pharmaceutical services at hospitals’ pharmacies towards Good Pharmacy Practice, an interventional study was carried out on 1014 clients and 3030 prescriptions with two purposes: instructions, and surveillance of drug interactions in prescribing at Hospital No 115’s pharmacy and other 14 hospitals’ pharmacies in Ho Chi Minh City. The results showed that the rate of customers’ satisfactions with client instructions in intervention group was higher than that in control group (87.0% vs 80.4%); and doctors paid more attentions to drug interactions during prescribing (rate of drug interactions decreased from 12.1% before intervention to 9.7% after intervention). However, the rates of drug interaction wasn’t changed significantly before and after interventions)
Pharmacy ; Pharmaceutical Services

BACKGROUND: In order to achieve the goals of community pharmacy practice, its legal, labour-related, and economic barriers need to be identified. This study examined pharmacists' perceptions of constraints on providing optimal pharmacy services in order to identify underlying factors and analyse the associations between barriers and pharmaceutical services in community pharmacies. METHODS: A survey targeting pharmacy owners was conducted from May to June 2012 using a structured questionnaire including nine pharmaceutical service items. According to the service provision level, we classified pharmacists as inactive (fewer than 5 items among the listed 9 service items) and active providers (5 or more items). Principal component analysis was used to group significant factors for barriers into four thematic components. Associations between the participants' demographics and pharmacy characteristics and the services provided were explored by logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: Participants were 402 pharmacists. Over 60% provided disease management services for hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidaemia. Variables that affected pharmaceutical services included the lack of separate areas for patient counselling (OR: 2.12, 95% CI: 1.18-3.80), and clinical knowledge and information-related barriers (OR: 0.59, 95% CI: 0.36-0.97). CONCLUSION: Strategies for improving clinical knowledge and providing expeditious information are necessary in order to improve community pharmacy services.
Community Pharmacy Services ; Demography ; Disease Management ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Logistic Models ; Pharmaceutical Services* ; Pharmacies* ; Pharmacists ; Pharmacy ; Principal Component Analysis

A prescription issuing system is computerized in so many hospital. While the shareable and usability of an electronic prescription is increased by computerized materials, it can be serious for an information about a patient to be exposed in public. In this paper, the proposed system to issue an electronic prescription is aimed to keep using the existing paper-based prescription issuing system and extend the system using by IC card. It is developed for the secure method of an electronic prescription to transfer between hospital and pharmacy. For this, in this paper, it is defined for the standard minimal data set of a prescription information and developed the method to store the electronic prescription to IC card. It is set the access authority to access the electronic prescription stored in IC card by classifying the access authority group. Since the security and certificate authority center is established using Windows 2000, the electronic prescription stored in IC card can be secured and certificated by an encryption, decryption and digital signature. Lastly, the terminal and server system transferred an electronic prescription of a hospital and a pharmacy is implemented. The proposed system in this paper is simulated in some hospital and pharmacy. On the result of simulation, it is hoped for increasing the prescription transferring service, because the proposed transfer system of an electronic prescription using IC card is stable, secure, available, and creditable.
Dataset ; Electronic Prescribing* ; Hope ; Humans ; Pharmacy ; Prescriptions

Drug Information Centers are responsible for providing updated, relevant drug information on the efficacy, safety and quality of drugs as well as disease status to health-care practitioners and finally to patients. This study was designed to revise the drug information service based on the evaluation to meet the social requirement that is created by the recent "Drug Prescription and Dispensing Law" A retrospective analysis was conducted from April 1997 untill September 2000. To evaluate the trend of service, the evaluated period was divided in 7 6-months intervals. The feedback system was used to measure the satisfaction score as an outcome. Out of 618 total enquiries, 192 (31.0%) was received in the last 6-month period. The method of receiving and providing drug information by Drug Information Research Institute (DIRI) gradually changed from telephone calls to e-mailing system (2.2% vs. 67.2% in question, 2.2% vs. 70.3% in answer). Drug information questions concerning the pharmacology (18.8%), adverse drug reaction (10.5%), availability (10.3%) and drug interaction (5.2%) were asked most frequently. The median time to respond the inquired questions was 24 hours (range: 1 hr-8 days). The reference used most frequently to answer was the tertiary literature (42.0%) followed by the second literature (27%) and primary literature (7%). The evaluable 29 feedbacks showed that DI services provided by DIRI were satisfactory in accuracy and time. On the basis of the analysis and evaluation of this project, DIRI have developed the more specified Q and A Sheet Form, systemic database and on-line Q and A corner accessible through the homepage.
Academies and Institutes ; Drug Information Services* ; Drug Interactions ; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions ; Electronic Mail ; Humans ; Information Centers* ; Pharmacology ; Prescriptions ; Retrospective Studies ; Telephone

BACKGROUND: Since the use of opioid analgesics is frequent in operation rooms (OR), the risk of medication error is high; however the use of medication in the OR has been operating independently with the hospital pharmacy. Therefore, the assessment on management of medication use in operation and the pharmacist's role is needed. METHODS: We conducted the literature review and survey from anesthesiologists, operating nurses at Chung-Ang Hospital on management of medication for operation use, awareness on need for medication management efficiency, need for satellite pharmacy in the operating room and its effect. RESULTS: 56% of medical staffs responded that management of medication in the operating room is efficient; however, 82.6% responded that they felt the inconvenience in medication delivery to the OR when additional prescription was ordered. 51.5% also responded that extra time was required for management of narcotics and inventory/record keeping. 80% agreed that there could be lost costs due to prescription missed. Medical staffs responded improving the drug management system could increase the OR efficiency (87%), and eventually bring the increase in hospital revenue (80.4%). Those who responded that implementation of OR satellite pharmacy was needed include physicians (84.6%), nurses (63.6%), and also responded that it'd bring more profit to the hospital by increasing the efficiency in OR (60.9%). CONCLUSION: For efficient management of medications, implementation of OR satellite pharmacy would lead to improved drug management and increased efficiency in OR and reduced cost and improved patient care.
Analgesics, Opioid ; Humans ; Medical Staff ; Medication Errors ; Narcotics ; Operating Rooms* ; Patient Care ; Pharmaceutical Services ; Pharmacy ; Prescriptions ; Tertiary Care Centers*