In order to develop internal force and economic practice, continuously regulate a management task, use safely, sensibly, economically drug in the hospitals and contribution on the pharmaceutical Branch of Vietnam. Ministry of Health have been had direction of number of 04/1998/CT-BYT dated April 3th 1998 with 5 contents.
Pharmaceutical Preparations ; Safety ; Economics

BACKGROUNDUnder the circumstance of the New Medical Reform in Mainland of China, lowering drug prices has become an approach to relieving increase of medical expenses, and lowering brand-name medication price is a key strategy. This study, by comparing and analyzing brand-name medication prices between Mainland of China and Taiwan, explores how to adjust brand-name medication prices in Mainland of China in the consideration of the drug administrative strategies in Taiwan.

METHODSBy selecting brand-name drug with generic name and dose types matched in Mainland and Taiwan, calculate the average unit price and standard deviation and test it with the paired t-test. In the mean time, drug administrative strategies between Mainland and Taiwan are also compared systematically.

RESULTSAmong the 70 brand-name medications with generic names and matched dose types, 54 are at higher prices in Mainland of China than Taiwan, which is statistically significant in t-test. Also, among the 47 medications with all of matched generic names, dose types, and manufacturing enterprises, 38 are at higher prices in Mainland than Taiwan, and the gap is also statistically significant in t-test. In Mainland of China, brand-name medication took cost-plus pricing and price-based price adjustment, while in Taiwan, brand-name medication took internal and external reference pricing and market-based price adjustment.

CONCLUSIONSBrand-name drug prices were higher in Mainland of China than in Taiwan. The adjustment strategies of drug prices are scientific in Taiwan and are worth reference by Mainland of China.

An economic evaluation is required in order to apply to the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRA) for a listing in the national drug formulary. To assist companies in preparing the necessary documents, HIRA published guidelines for the economic evaluation of pharmaceuticals in 2006. The guidelines are composed of two parts: guidance an explanatory notes. Each guideline reflects the best practice which meets both the theoretical consensus within the academic community and local situations, like data availability. To enhance the transparency of evaluation, guidelines emphasize the reproducibility of data and analysis result. That is, all evaluation processes are required to be described in enough detail to be replicated by reviewers. With growing experience and theoretical development in this area, HIRA guidelines will be revised periodically.
Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Economics, Pharmaceutical/legislation & jurisprudence/*organization & administration ; *Guidelines as Topic ; Humans ; Korea ; Pharmaceutical Preparations/*economics

Analyzing the complicated variety and specification of drugs and the objective demand of pharmaceutical circulation, to seek out the key factors in improving the efficiency of pharmaceutical circulation, for putting forward suggestions to promote the development of pharmaceutical circulation in China. The conclusion is drawed from industrial organization theory and successful experience of foreign countries, high market attention met with the demand of complicated variety and specification of drugs in pharmaceutical circulation.
China ; Drug Industry ; economics ; organization & administration ; Marketing of Health Services ; economics ; Pharmaceutical Preparations ; economics

Pharmacoeconomics is an important part of the postmarketing Chinese medicine (CM) evaluation, and postmarketing pharmacoeconomic evaluation can reveal the clinical and market value of CM. The purpose of establishing the guideline for pharmacoeconomic evaluation is to make the evaluation process and results regarding Chinese patent medicines both scientific and fair. Every country's guidelines for pharmacoeconomic evaluation act as reference guidelines, we have already drawn up the guideline that takes into account the special characteristics of CM; and these are in preparation for the postmarketing CM pharmacoeconomic evaluation.
Clinical Trials as Topic ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Economics, Pharmaceutical ; Guidelines as Topic ; Humans ; Pharmaceutical Preparations ; economics ; Product Surveillance, Postmarketing ; economics ; Statistics as Topic

Since the positive listing system for prescription drug reimbursement has been introduced in Korea, the number of pharmacoeconomic evaluation studies has increased. However it is not clear if the quality of pharmacoeconomic evaluation study has improved. Due to the lack of randomized clinical studies in Korean health care setting, Korean economic evaluation studies have typically integrated the local cost data and foreign clinical data. Therefore methodological issues can be raised in regard to data coherence and consistency. But the quality of data was not questiened and the potential bias has not been investigated yet. Even though changes in policy have encouraged the undertaking of pharmacoeconomic evaluations, there is few public-side funding for validation study of cost-effectiveness models and data. Several companies perform economic evaluation studies to be submitted on behalf of their own products, but do not want the study results to be disclosed to the academic community or public. To improve the present conduct of pharmacoeconomic evaluations in Korea, various funding sources need to be developed, and, like other multidisciplinary areas, the experts in different fields of study should collaborate to ensure the validity and credibility of pharmacoeconomic evaluations.
Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Economics, Pharmaceutical/legislation & jurisprudence/*organization & administration ; Formularies as Topic ; Humans ; Korea ; Pharmaceutical Preparations/*economics ; Technology Assessment, Biomedical

To curb a rapid increase in expenditures for pharmaceuticals, the Korean government introduced a positive list system and a negotiation process for drug prices at the end of 2006. Economic evaluation of pharmaceuticals has begun to have a pivotal role in the listing and pricing of drugs for the Korean National Health Insurance. There are some points to discuss regarding the use of economic evaluation in the listing and pricing in the context of the Korean system. First, the listing and pricing processes have been fragmented, evoking complaints from pharmaceutical companies and delaying the access of new drugs to patients. Second, there is a concern that the positive list system may limit the range and availability of drugs for patients to choose for treatment. Third, the time schedule for de-listing of existing drugs may not be realistic. Fourth, it is not always easy to provide reliable evidence of cost-effectiveness due to a lack of materials. Fifth, there is no consensus on the range of the ICER (incremental cost-effectiveness ratio) acceptable to the Korean society. In conclusion, in the near future, it will be necessary to evaluate the achievements that the economic evaluation has provided to the Korean society.
Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Economics, Pharmaceutical/legislation & jurisprudence/*organization & administration ; Formularies as Topic ; Humans ; Korea ; Legislation, Drug ; Pharmaceutical Preparations/*economics

SCHWABE Company in German is the first and largest manufacturer of Ginkgo biloba preparation. The company not only has leading technology in this field, but also protects its own market effectively through the high quality of patent drafting and exactly patent layout. Based on multi-angle analysis for patent portfolio of G. biloba preparation at application time, legal status, globally layout, Chinese layout, the article provides technical reference of research and development of G. biloba, also provides valuable experience of traditonal Chinese medicine patent portfolio layout for Chinese enterprises.
Drug Industry ; economics ; legislation & jurisprudence ; trends ; Ginkgo biloba ; chemistry ; Humans ; Patents as Topic ; legislation & jurisprudence ; Phytotherapy ; economics ; trends ; Plant Preparations ; isolation & purification ; Technology, Pharmaceutical ; economics ; trends

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) form the most ancient defense system in all living organisms. These proteins act as molecular chaperones by helping the refolding of misfolded proteins and assisting their elimination if they become irreversibly damaged. HSPs interact with a number of cellular systems and form efficient cytoprotective mechanisms. HSPs allow cells to adapt to gradual changes in their environment and to survive in otherwise lethal conditions. The events of cell stress and cell death are linked, and HSPs induced in response to stress appear to function at key regulatory points in the control of apoptosis. HSPs include antiapoptotic and proapoptotic proteins that interact with a variety of cellular proteins. Their expression levels can determine the fate of the cell in response to death stimulus. On the other hand, HSPs are overexpressed in tumor cells, and the inhibition of HSP90 has recently been regarded as a very promising tool to combat various cancers. HSPs can be secreted to circulatory system from a variety of cell types in response to stress. The secreted exogenous proteins act as cytokines and have potential modulatory functions in immune system. Cell surface-bound HSP70 can render tumor cell more sensitive to natural killer cell-mediated cytolytic attack. Therefore, modulator of chaperone activities is becoming a new target of drug development, such as in apoptosis and tumor immunity fields.
Animals ; Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Cytoprotection ; drug effects ; Drug Delivery Systems ; economics ; methods ; trends ; Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor ; HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins ; antagonists & inhibitors ; metabolism ; HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins ; antagonists & inhibitors ; metabolism ; Heat-Shock Proteins ; antagonists & inhibitors ; metabolism ; Humans ; Molecular Chaperones ; Pharmaceutical Preparations ; administration & dosage ; chemical synthesis