The study was carried out on 30 healthy volunteers (16 males, 14 females), aged 21-40. Cyclosporine A (CsA), Neoral®, dosage of 2 mg/kg body weight (rounded nearest to 25 mg), was given at hours as 0 (starting time), 12, and 24. The blood samples were collected at hours 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 (before the 2nd dose), 24 (before the 3rd dose) and 36. The CsA concentrations were measured with fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) with the TDx analyser, Abbott. Results: Pharmacokinetics of CsA, oral micro-emulsion, in Vietnamese volunteers have the characteristics: Cmax = 763 ± 241 ng/ml, Cmin = 358 ± 104 mg/ml/mg/kg, tmax = 2.3 ± 1.1 h, AUC 0-4 = 1756 ± 561 ng.h/ml, AUC0-4 /dose/kg = 827 ± 250 ng.h/ml/mg/kg, AUCinf = 3725 ± 983 ng.h/ml, AUCinf/dose/kg = 1756 ± 433 ng.h/ml/mg/kg, t1/2 = 4.1 ± 1.2, Cl/F = 30.5 ± 6.9 L/h. The inter-individual variation in pharmacokinetics is presented with the coefficient of variations (CVs) of Cmax, AUC 0-4, AUCinf as 31.6%, 31.9% and 26.4%, respectively. The concentration of C2 has an important linear relationship with AUC0-4 (r = 9.987, p <0.0005), inversely there is no linear relation between C12 (the trough C0: before 2nd dose of CsA) (r = -0.189, p= 0.32). Cmax/dose/kg, AUC0-4/dose/kg and AUCinf/dose/kg in female volunteers were lower than those in male volunteers (p<0.005)
Pharmacokinetics ; Cyclosporine

Background/Introduction:The proportion of TS \u2013 Q96 ranges from 1/1500 \u2013 1.300 female newborns and about 3% of fetuses. In most of the world, TS can be diagnosed and treated at the early stages of pregnancies. In Vietnam, TS patients are frequently detected at the later stages with serious syndromes. TS diagnosis mainly relies on chromosomal analysis of amnion cells. Thus, prenatal diagnosis of TS is the rationale of this study.\r\n', u'Objectives: Utilize chromosomal analysis and FISH methods to diagnose Turner syndrome from amnion cells. \r\n', u'Subject and method: 30 pregnancies (from week 14-22) with high risks of TS, which were detected by ultrasound scan and triple test, 15 mil amnio fluid is withdrawn for the FISH technique from interphase amniocytes and amnio cultures, chromosomal analysis from metaphase cultured cells. \r\n', u'Results/Outcomes: Chromosomal analysis and FISH analysis give the same results: - 12/30 fetus with TS, 5/30 fetus with normal female results, \u2013 4/30 fetus with normal male normal results, \u2013 4/30 fetus with Down syndrome, \u2013 5/30 fetus with Edward syndrome. 11/12 TS fetus have large cystic hygromas, 9/11 cystic hygromas are separated. 12/12 TS fetus have triple test (+) with the threshold: APF \u2264 0.7 MoM, HCG \u2265 2 MoM, uE3 \u2264 0.7 MoM.\r\n', u'Conclusion:Chromosonal analysis and FISH are standards for diagnosing TS fetus. FISH can provide a quick result (48-72h). \r\n', u'
Turner syndrome (TS) ; Chromosome ; Fluorescence in site hybridization (FISH)

Background: Cystic hygromas is a common abnormal event in obstetrics ultrasound, which is induced by a chromosome disorder; it is also one of the major causes inducing fetus\u2019s congenital malformation. Objective: Determining chromosomal aberration in nuchal cystic hygromas by FISH technique and outcomes the value of factors in prognosis fetuses with cystic hygroma. Subject and methods: 53 fetuses with cystic hygroma, which are detected by ultrasound scan, are analyzed by FISH technique. Compare results of FISH, band G chromosomal analysis, ultrasonographic abnormalities, followed the fetuses. Results: Chromosomal and FISH analysis give the same detection: abnormal chromosomes: 75.46%, the highest rate is Turner syndrome: 50.94%, normal chromosome: 24.53%. Abnormal chromosomal fetuses: multi-malformation, grim prognosis. Cystic hygroma with other malformation in scan: high rate chromosomal aberrations and septated hygroma, Turner syndrome fetuses have large cystic hygroma, 4/6 fetuses with normal chromosome and without other abnormal result scan have resolutions of hygroma in the second trimester, normal birth. Conclusions: Abnormal chromosomes: 75.46%. Prognosis is grim: abnormal chromosomes, other malformations in scan, large cystic, septated hygroma. Prognosis is better: normal chromosomes, without other ultrasonographic abnormalities, small cystic, nonseptated hygroma, resolution of cystic hygroma.
cystic hygroma ; FISH technique ; chromosome