Background: In Vietnam, using dental loupe and ultrasonic tip to detect MB2 canal in mesiobuccal roots of maxillary molars is appropriate and necessary. Objective: The purpose of this study is to assess the effectiveness of magnification and dentine removal when locating the second mesiobuccal canal (MB2) in mesiobuccal roots of maxillary molars. Subject and methods: 49 mesiobuccal roots of maxillary molars were collected and studied. Conventional access of the cavity was prepared. After that, the MB1 and 2 canals in mesiobuccal roots were located in three stages. Stage 1: canals were located with no magnification. Stage 2: additional canals in the same teeth were located under magnification with a dental loupe. Stage 3: additional canals in the same teeth were located by removing dentine from the pulp chamber floor within 3mm from the MB1 canal towards the palatal canal in a groove 2 mm deep using ultrasonic tip (P5, Salatec). Result: The frequency of MB2 canal detection for an ultrasonic tip, dental loupes, and no magnification groups was 77.6%, 59.2% and 24.5%, respectively. Conclusion: Based on these results, more emphasis should be placed on the importance of using magnification dental ultrasonic tip to locate the MB2 canal.
MB2 canal ; Dental loupe ; Ultrasonic tip

To get a better dental care in children, the dentist needs to approach with the dentist who treats for them. This responsibility is belonging to both society and the dentist. A child’s parent knows how to persuade her/his to see the dentist, don’t let them terrify. The parents also should spend more time for their children to help the dentist can give them the better dental care. The dentist must learn more about the children’ psychology and understand their behaviour. Each child has own character and behaviours and they effect from different environment so it is necessary to have the combination of the dentist and other health workers in the dentist’s clinic for a better dental care in children
Dental Care ; Child

Introduction of 2 new instruments to help improve the quality of endodontics treatment nowadays, it was turning brooch system, especially was protapers and digital tomorgraphy machine. The appearance of Protaper system was a remarkable advantage in endodontics field, having more advantage than older ones such as: more flexible in big brooch, larger tapering helping marrow tube was cleaned and filled in better, the effect of cutting higher, safer in using, completely controlling with touch, decreased ivory crushed in top area, minimum decreased the pressure on brooch and less using brooch, less step, therefore, saving a lots of time. Digital tomorgraphy system was a solution to save tomography time, especially, Visualix USB system was produced by Gendex-Dentsply company. It had more advantage than general tomography system, such as reducing radioactive ray so that it could be put in clinics, no need to darkroom and chemicals, receiving rays by CCD, saving alots of time
Endodontics ; Therapeutics

Background: \r\n', u'Japanese encephalitis virus (JE) is the most prevalent in Asia, Pacific and in mainland northern Australia; and considered to be the leading cause to the acute encephalitis. The case- fatality and sequela rates in children stay rather high. There were some medical technologies for the JE diagnosis, of which is the application of the expensive MAC- ELISA and PEN TAX kits.\r\n', u'Objectives: \r\n', u'To evaluate and compare the light sensitivity of MAC- ELISA and PENTAX Kits in JE diagnosis.\r\n', u'Subjects and method: \r\n', u'48 pairs of sera samples obtained from the patients with clinically manifested Japanese encephalitis (JE) in 2003- 2005, in some northern provinces, they were applied and tested into MAC- ELISA Kits.\r\n', u'Results:\r\n', u'The sensitivity of MAC- ELISA and PENTAX kits detecting IgM against JE virus were 95.71%, and 98.57%, respectively. In addition to that, the sensitivity of these two kits used to detect JE IgM within the first 7 days of the disease was very high (around 92.31%-96.15%).\r\n', u'Conclusion: \r\n', u'The sensitivity of MAC- ELISA and PENTAX kits used to detect IgM against JE virus was very high. \r\n', u'
Encephalitis ; Japanese/ diagnosis

Globally, providing evidence on the economic burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is becoming essential as it assists the health authorities to efficiently allocate resources. This study aimed to summarize the literature on economic burden evidence for COPD from 1990 to 2019. This study examined the economic burden of COPD through a systematic review of studies from 1990 to 2019. A search was done in online databases, including Web of Science, PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library. After screening 12,734 studies, 43 articles that met the inclusion criteria were identified. General study information and data on direct, indirect, and intangible costs were extracted and converted to 2018 international dollars (Int$). Findings revealed that the total direct costs ranged from Int$ 52.08 (India) to Int$ 13,776.33 (Canada) across 16 studies, with drug costs rannging from Int$ 70.07 (Vietnam) to Int$ 8,706.9 (China) in 11 studies. Eight studies explored indirect costs, while one highlighted caregivers’ direct costs at approximately Int$ 1,207.8 (Greece). This study underscores the limited research on COPD caregivers’ economic burdens, particularly in developing countries, emphasizing the importance of increased research support, particularly in high-resource settings. This study provides information about the demographics and economic burden of COPD from 1990 to 2019. More strategies to reduce the frequency of hospital admissions and acute care services should be implemented to improve the quality of COPD patients’ lives and reduce the disease’s rising economic burden.

Background: Human albumin was produced and used in many countries. Cohn's technique had been used to precipitate albumin from human plasma. This technique was easy and cheap and the quality of the product was good. In Vietnam, human albumin had to import, but the prices was very expensive. Vietnam was having good plasma in large quantity and high quality. That\u2019s why research on production plasma albumin was essential.\r\n", u"Objectives: This study aimed at using Cohn's technique improved by Drohan and Van - Aken to produce standard albumin from human plasma. Subjects and method: Human plasma detected VIII-factor was used for present study. Plasma \ufffd?albumin was precipitated by ethanol at low temperature and pH. The collected albumins have been liophilizated and storage at 40C. The quality and quantity of Albumin was evaluated by quantitative analysis and protein \ufffd?electrophoresis. Results: The 418g of albumin powder was produced from 16 liters of plasma detected F \ufffd?VIII. The quality of this albumin come up to standard (>95%) and quantity of albumin collected from one liter of this plasma was 26g. Conclusion: In the Vietnamese condition, the technique of Cohn can be used to produce standard albumin for treatment.\r\n", u'
Albumins/ standards ; Plasma ;

Introduction: The need for gama \u2013 globulin, especially gama - globulin - anti \u2013 HBs, is huge in Vietnam. A number of patients cannot to afford use them due to the high price as they are imported. Meanwhile, Vietnam has high quality input sources for producing gama \u2013 globulin. \r\n', u'Objectives: To study the production process of gama - Globulin from Human Plasma and Standard gama - Globulin with Rich of Anti \u2013 HBs. \r\n', u'Subjects and method: 168 samples of human plasma from voluntary blood donors, which had been screened with for transfusion transmittable infections (TTLs), were chosen as plasma with rich of anti - HBs. The plasma with anti - HBsAg was precipitated with ethanol 25%, pH 6,9 to gain gama - globulin with rich anti - HBs, which was dried by Dutch Ly - 3 - TTE machine. Activation of anti - HBs gama - globulin was identified by a standard method of the degree of antibody specific for anti - HBsAg kit of BIORAD, \r\n', u'Results: The purity of the gama - globulin achieved was 93%, which was almost equal with the results of some foreign researchers (7.8), the activation of anti - HBs was 1:128 dilution degree. The productivity of gama - globulin gaining from 1 litter plasma was 6.0 gram. This new issue was first demonstrated in Vietnam. \r\n', u'Conclusion: We can domestically produce anti-Bs gama - globulin with high degree of activeness (1:128) from human plasma by the precipitating method with ethanol, pH and low temperature. \r\n', u'
Human plasma ; gama - globulin - anti - HBs ; Precipitation of ethanol ; pH and low temperature

Background:\r\n', u'There are two virus known as Nam Dinh Virus, and Colti group B be found in Viet Nam. These viruses have appeared in the South, the Middle and the Highland. They haven\u2019t been reported in the Southern provinces and Can Thoas well. \r\n', u'Objectives: \r\n', u'To identify the circulation of Nam Dinh virus strain, and coltivirus group B strain in Can Tho, Southern Viet Nam, and their existence in nature.\r\n', u'Subjects and method: \r\n', u'Thirty-four mosquito samples (7, 453 individual mosquitoes) from Culex quinque faciatus and Culex pseudovishnui were collected in Can Tho provice, southern Vietnam 2005.\r\n', u'Isolatingviruses on Aedes albopictuc clone C6/36, Vero cells, and using PT- PCR and ELISA Sandwich for identification. \r\n', u'Results:\r\n', u'2 Nam Dinh virus strains, 2 coltivirus group B strains and 1 flavivirus strain (insect flavivirus) were isolated from Culex quinque faciatus, and no virus was isolated from Culex pseudovishnui.\r\n', u'Conclusion: \r\n', u'The identification of the transmission of Nam dinh Virus, and coltivirus group B in Can Tho province by isolating virus from Culex quinque faciatus has shown the evidence for natural vertical transmission of these viruses.\r\n', u'
Viruses ; Coltivirus ; Flavivirus ; Arboviruses ; Culex ;

In this study, twenty known compounds were isolated from Houttuynia cordata Thunb., including four megastigmanes (1‒4), four phenolics (5, 6, 9, and 10), one tetrahydro-2-one derivative (12), four coumarins (7, 13, 14, and 16), six caffeic acid derivatives (8, 11, 15, 17, 18, and 19), and one triterpenoid (20). Their chemical structures were established using NMR spectra and comparison with literature. The anti-diabetic activity of the isolated compounds was assessed by investigating their inhibitory effects on protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) and α-glucosidase. The results revealed that ginnalin A (10) and 3-(4′-hydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid (4′′-carboxyl)-phenyl ester (13) exhibited significant inhibitory effects on both PTP1B and α-glucosidase with IC 50 values of 7.9 ‒ 37.6 and 13.9 ‒ 31.9 μM, respectively. In the kinetic study, these two compounds showed noncompetitive-type PTP1B and α-glucosidase inhibition, with K i values of 35.6 and 7.3 μM for PTP1B and 13.9 and 31.0 μM for α-glucosidase, respectively. These findings highlight the potential of the isolated compounds as candidates for the development of novel therapeutic agents for diabetes.