To study the effect and mechanism of the light quality acting on Ganoderma lucidum, and provide a theoretical basis for G. lucidum mycelium cultivation, we focused on growth and endogenous IAA metabolism of G. lucidum mycelium under different light-emitting diode (LED) condition. The growth index, endogenous levels of IAA and Enzymes related to IAA metabolism and Polysaccharides content were investigated in different growth periods. Results showed that blue light irradiation was the best from the viewpoint of steady growth and polysaccharides accumulation, red light irradiation improved endogenous IAA level and promoted growth of mycelium in early stage of cultivation, green light irradiation decreased growth rate and fresh weight of mycelium, but increased drying rate. Enzymes related to IAA metabolism also significantly influenced by light quality. The activity of indole acetic acid oxidase (IAAO), peroxidase (POD) and tryptophan synthetase with blue light irradiation were showed high level in early time, but decreased later, and the IAA content was consistently at lower level than that in other treatments, while mycelium irradiated with yellow light showed the highest activity of both IAAO and tryptophan synthetase, and medium level of IAA content. In conclusion, the light quality affects growth and regulation of the level of endogenous IAA of G. lucidum mycelium.
Fungal Polysaccharides ; analysis ; Indoleacetic Acids ; metabolism ; Light ; Peroxidases ; metabolism ; Reishi ; growth & development ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo explore the identity and phylogenetic relationships among the three medicinally important species of Sphaerostephanos from South India using isozymic profile.

METHODSThe young fronds were homogenized with 3.5 mL of ice-cold homogenizing buffer in a pre-chilled pestle and mortar. The supernatant was subjected to electrophoresis as described by Anbalagan poly acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Staining solutions for isoperoxidase was prepared as per Smila method for the detection of isoenzymes.

RESULTSA total of six different bands in five different positions with different molecular weight/Rf values and four active zones have been observed in the isoperoxidase enzyme system of Sphaerostephanos. Only one band with MW/Rf 0.399 is common to two different species i.e. Sphaerostephanos arbuscula (S. arbuscula) and Sphaerostephanos unitus (S. unitus). Among the remaining four bands, two bands (Rf. 0.23, 0.47) are present in Sphaerostephanos subtruncatus (S. subtruncatus) and one distinct band has been observed individually in S. arbuscula (Rf. 0.507) and S. unitus (Rf. 0.56).

CONCLUSIONSThe present preliminary molecular study through isozymic analysis shows the identity of all the three species and the present results confirm distinctness of these three species based on macro-micromorphology, phytochemistry and cytology.

Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel ; India ; Isoenzymes ; analysis ; Peroxidases ; analysis ; Plants, Medicinal ; classification ; enzymology ; Staining and Labeling ; Tracheophyta ; classification ; enzymology

In order to search for a new pathway to improve the yield of ginseng through growing at the full sun shine accompanied by salicylic acid (SA), the net photosynthetic rate (P(n)), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), malondialdehyde (MDA) in Panax ginseng leaves, and the content of ginsenosides in roots were compared under various concentrations of SA and full sun shine with the traditional shade shed. Under the full sun shine, 0.05, 0.2 mmol x L(-1) SA increased net photosynthetic rate to a great extent. Under the cloudy day, the average net photosynthetic rate increased by 127.8% and 155.0% over the traditional shade shed, 13.9% and 27.5% over the treatment without SA respectively; under the clear day, 23.5% and 30.4% over the traditional shade shed, 8.6% and 14.6% over the treatment without SA, particularly obvious in the morning and late afternoon. With such concentration, SA increased activities of SOD, CAT, POD, and decreased the contents of the MDA. This difference resulted from different light intensity, rise of light saturation point, and fall of compensation point. Full sun shine decreased ginsenosides contents, but with SA, the ginsenosides regained, the content of Rg1 and Re, Rb1, total six types of ginsenosides in SA 0.2 mmol x L(-1) group were higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05) and other groups. The application of 0.2 mmol x L(-1) SA under full sun shine during a short time has little threat to the P. ginseng in spring, and could enhance the resistance to the adversity, which would improve the yield of ginseng heavily.
Catalase ; analysis ; metabolism ; Ginsenosides ; analysis ; metabolism ; Light ; Malondialdehyde ; analysis ; metabolism ; Panax ; chemistry ; drug effects ; metabolism ; radiation effects ; Peroxidases ; analysis ; metabolism ; Photosynthesis ; drug effects ; Plant Proteins ; analysis ; metabolism ; Salicylic Acid ; pharmacology ; Seasons ; Superoxide Dismutase ; analysis ; metabolism

An experiment was conducted in order to investigate the effect of p-dimethylaminoazobenzene (DAB) and 2(3)-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole (BHA) on the lipid peroxidation and peroxide-destroying enzyme system in the rat liver. Dietary supplementation of DAB (0.06%) for three weeks caused the elevation of glutathione-S-transferase activity by 60% and glutathione reductase by 50%, but it decreased glutathione peroxidase and catalase activities significantly. Dietary supplementation of BHA (0.75%) also increased glutatione-S-transferase activity in the liver by 2 folds, and it counteracts DAB effect on the glutathione peroxidase and catalase activities. There was a marked increase in malon-dialdehyde content in the postnuclear fraction of liver by the treatment of DAB, but the addition of BHA lowered the malondialdehyde content to almost the control level. The protective effect of BHA on the lipid peroxidation induced by DAB administration at the enzyme level seems to be due to the induction of glutathione-S-transferase and the protection of glutathione peroxidase and catalase activities from being lowered by DAB administration.
Animal ; Anisoles/pharmacology* ; Butylated Hydroxyanisole/pharmacology* ; Glutathione Peroxidase/analysis* ; Glutathione Reductase/analysis* ; Glutathione Transferase/analysis* ; Lipid Peroxides/metabolism* ; Liver/drug effects* ; Liver/metabolism ; Male ; Peroxidases/analysis* ; Rats ; p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene/pharmacology*

AIMTo study the effect of rebamipide added to semen samples and cryoprotectant on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production.

METHODSSemen samples from 30 fertile and healthy volunteers were collected by masturbation after 2 days approximately 3 days of abstinence. After liquefaction, the specimens were diluted with sperm wash media to a uniform density of 20 x 10(6)/mL. Rebamipide was added to semen samples and cryoprotectant to a final concentration of 10 micromol/L, 30 micromol/L, 100 micromol/L or 300 micromol/L. Specimens were incubated at 37 degree C in a 0.5 % CO(2) incubator for 1 h or cryopreserved at -196 degree C LN(2) for 3 days. The sperm motility and viability and the levels of ROS and lipid peroxidation of sperm membrance were assessed before and after incubation and cryopreservation by means of computer assisted semen analyzer, eosin-nigrosin stain, chemiluminescence and thiobarbituric acid assay, respectively.

RESULTSThe sperm motility was significantly increased after incubation with 100 micromol/L and 300 micromol/L rebamipide (P<0.05). After cryopreservation, the sperm motility was significantly decreased in all concentrations (P<0.05), but the decrease was less with 100 micromol/L and 300 micromol/L rebamipide than that with other concentrations. The sperm viability showed no significant difference before and after incubation (P>0.05). The levels of ROS and lipid peroxidation in semen were significantly decreased in proportion to the concentrations of rebamipide both after incubation and cryopreservation (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONRebamipide is an effective free radical scavenger in semen in vitro.

Alanine ; analogs & derivatives ; pharmacology ; Antioxidants ; pharmacology ; Cell Membrane ; chemistry ; drug effects ; Cell Survival ; drug effects ; Cryopreservation ; Free Radical Scavengers ; pharmacology ; Humans ; In Vitro Techniques ; Lipid Peroxidation ; drug effects ; Male ; Malondialdehyde ; analysis ; Peroxidases ; metabolism ; Quinolones ; pharmacology ; Reactive Oxygen Species ; analysis ; Semen Preservation ; Sperm Motility ; drug effects ; Spermatozoa ; chemistry ; drug effects