PURPOSE: This study was done to identify factors that influence sexual permissiveness. A comprehensive analysis of individual, family, and social factors related to sexual permissiveness in adolescents was done. METHOD: A descriptive research design was used to explore causal relationships in sexual permissiveness between high school students. RESULT: The findings of this study are as follows. 1) For individual factors, self-respect, seeking social deviation and seeking internal experience were confirmed as factors influencing sexual permissiveness. 2) For the family factors, the mother-adolescent communication aspect was confirmed as a factor. 3) For the social environment factors, adaptability to school life was confirmed as a factor. CONCLUSION: On a theoretical basis, this study identifies factors influencing sexual permissiveness in adolescents, and thus contributes to the definition of a desirable sexual culture for young people. Therefore, it is suggested that programs be developed that control the corroborated factors and that further studies be conducted to validate the factors.
Adolescent* ; Humans ; Permissiveness* ; Research Design ; Social Environment

PURPOSE: This study was done to identify factors that affect sexual permissiveness in college students. METHODS: A descriptive design was used with 380 college students who completed a questionnaire about self-esteem, parents-adolescent communication, friend's sexual attitude and sexual permissiveness. RESULTS: The sexual permissiveness showed significant differences for the variable: grade (F=0.51, p=.002), gender (t=7.28, p<.001), age (F=14.72, p<.001), religion (t=4.97, p<.001), residence type (F=4.75, p=.009), number of call with parents (F=3.56, p=.030), number of viewing pornographic video (F=36.05, p<.001), number of viewing pornographic magazine (F= 47.90, p<.001), status of dating (t=3.62, p<.001), number of sexual intercourse (F=14.51, p<.001), and experience of sexual intercourse (t=13.00, p<.001). There was a positive correlation between the friend's sexual attitude and sexual permissiveness (r=.64, p<.001). The variables such as friend's sexual attitude, experience of sexual intercourse, the number of watching pornographic video, educational system, religion, and the number of calls with parent explained 52% of the variance in sexual permissiveness. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that it is necessary to develop sexual education program for college students considering their level of sexual permissiveness and their friend's sexual attitude.
Coitus ; Humans ; Parents ; Periodicals as Topic ; Permissiveness ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: In this study the fitness of a path model on sexual risk behavior in adolescents was examined including the relationship of the following sensation seeking, parent-adolescent communication, exposure to pornography, friends' attitudes to sex, attitudes to sexual behavior, sexual permissiveness, perceived behavioral control, and sexual behavioral intention. METHODS: The participants were 354 adolescents. Data were analyzed using the SPSS and AMOS programs. RESULTS: Parent-adolescent communication, exposure to pornography, friends' attitudes to sex, and sexual behavioral intention showed a direct effect on sexual risk behavior in adolescents, while sensation seeking, exposure to pornography, friends' attitudes to sex, attitudes to sexual behavior, sexual permissiveness, and perceived behavioral control showed an indirect effect on sexual risk behavior in adolescents. The modified path model of adolescent's sexual risk behavior had a good fit with the data. CONCLUSION: Based on the outcomes of this study, it is necessary to design intervention programs that emphasize increasing parent-adolescent communication, perceived behavioral control, and sexual behavioral intention and reducing exposure to pornography, friends' attitudes to sex, attitudes to sexual behavior, and sexual permissiveness in order to decrease adolescent's sexual risk behavior.
Adolescent* ; Erotica ; Humans ; Intention ; Permissiveness ; Risk-Taking* ; Sensation ; Sexual Behavior

PURPOSE: This study was to identify the relationship betweem sexual attitude, sexual identity, sexual permissiveness in girls in junior high school. METHOD: The participants were 587 female students in Chungnam Province. Data were collected by questionnaire surveys using convenience sampling. The instruments were the Sexual Attitude Scale by Kim (1997), the Sexual Identity Scale by Jung (1990), and the Sexual Permissiveness Scale developed by Reiss (1964). Data were analyzed by the SPSS 11.0 program, using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficients, t-test, ANOVA and Tukey's multiple comparison. RESULTS: The relationship between sexual attitude and sexual permissiveness had a positive correlation (r=.440, p-0.000). Sexual identity was positively correlated (r=.180, p=.036; r=.222, p=.014) with both sexual attitude and sexual permissiveness, but maleness was the only positive correlation (r=.258, p=.014) with sexual permissiveness, no sexual specialization was the only characteristic that had a positive correlation (r=.188, p=.046) with sexual attitude. CONCLUSION: These results suggest assessment of these factors and treatment fitted to individual needs are important for correct sexual culture. There should be repeated research on various population groups. Moreover, it is considered necessary to carry out factor-related theoretical researches on several variables related to sex through multilateral literature reviews.
Chungcheongnam-do ; Female* ; Humans ; Male ; Permissiveness* ; Population Groups ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: This study was done to identify the risk factors influencing drinking permissiveness in university students. METHOD: The participants in this descriptive survey on causal relations were 219 students enrolled in university who were selected by convenience sampling. The data collected from April to July, 2005 were used in multiple regression analysis to build a prediction model. RESULTS: Differences in drinking permissiveness according to general characteristics were as follows: gender, drinking frequency, drinking in more than one place each time and frequency of excessive drinking. The relationship between drinking permissiveness and amount of alcohol consumption (drinking frequency/month, amount/each time) showed positive correlations. The relationship between drinking permissiveness and motives to drink (social, enhancement, confirmity, coping motives) also showed positive correlations. The causal factors of drinking permissiveness were social motives, capacity/each time and drinking frequency/month. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that board intervention programs should be provided to prevent problems of excessive drinking. It is also recommended that a program be developed that can help control the variables identified in this study along with follow up study to verify the model.
Alcohol Drinking* ; Drinking* ; Humans ; Motivation ; Permissiveness* ; Risk Factors

HCMV infection can evoke the broad spectrum of symptoms, which may be caused by the infection of responsible cell types. It is important to identify the cell types to be infected and replicated with HCMV infection for characterizing the property of HCMV infection and symptoms. Bone marrow stroma consists of heterogeneous cells, which have many cellular functions. This study was performed to verify the infectivity of HCMV to osteoblasts using the osteogenic sarcoma cell line, Saos-2, and the effect of HCMV infection to them on the cellular function. Immediate-early antigens, IE1 and IE2, were detected from 1 day postinfection (d.p.i.), and early (ppUL44) and late (gB) antigen were detected from 2 d.p.i. by the immunoperoxidase staining. All the antigens were expressed as far as observed (9 days). It was found that the virus titer in the culture supernatant and the cell pellet were 150 to 2,200 pfu/ml and 50 to 800 pfu/ml, respectively, after 4 days when the cells were infected with 2 m.o.i. Alkaline phosphatase production in Saos-2 cells infected with the different amount of HCMV was decreased to 8 to 15%, 31 to 47%, and 11 to 52% on 4, 6, and 11 d.p.i., respectively, as compared with mock-infected cells. This result suggested that HCMV could replicate in some bone marrow stromal cells and disturb the cellular function such as production of alkaline phosphatase.
Alkaline Phosphatase* ; Bone Marrow ; Cell Line* ; Cytomegalovirus* ; Humans* ; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells ; Osteoblasts ; Osteosarcoma* ; Permissiveness ; Viral Load

PURPOSE: This study was done to examine the relationship between sexual permissiveness, family function and parent-adolescent communication among adolescents. METHOD: A descriptive correlation approach was used and the participants were 956 male and female students. Data were collected by questionnaire survey using convenience sampling. The instruments were the Family APGAR Questionnaire by Smilkstein(1978), PAC by Olson and Barnes(1982), and the Premarital Sexual Permissiveness Questionnaire by Reiss(1967). Data were analyzed using the SPSS 10.0 program with descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficients, t-test, and ANOVA. RESULTS: Family function was significant according to school record, economic status, living arrangement of parent. Parent-Adolescent Communication was significant according to religion, economic status, having a boy/girl friend, and experience of sexual intercourse. Sexual permissiveness was significant for all except economic status. Correlation among the variables showed that parent-adolescent communication was negatively correlated to sexual permissiveness(r=-.127, p=.000) and positively to family function(r=.368, p=.000). CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that parent-adolescent communication and family function are associated with sexual permissiveness, and the findings of this study are expected to make a contribution to creating an ideal sexual culture for youth.
Adolescent* ; Coitus ; Female ; Friends ; Humans ; Male ; Parents ; Permissiveness* ; Residence Characteristics ; Child Health ; Surveys and Questionnaires

OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to develop and validate Eating Behaviors Test form (EBT) for infants and young children, including eating behaviors of their parents and parental feeding practices. METHODS: Draft version of EBT form was developed after a pretest on 83 mothers. It was consisted of 42 questions including 3 components; eating behavior of children, eating behavior of parents, and parental feeding practices. Using these questionnaires, the first survey was conducted on 320 infants and children, 1 to 6 year old, for exploratory factor analysis, and the second survey was collected on 731 infants and children for confirmatory factor analysis. RESULTS: Exploratory factor analysis on 42 questions of EBT form resulted in 3 factor model for children's eating behavior, 3 factor model for parents' eating behavior, and 1 factor model for parental feeding practices. Three factors for children's eating behavior could be explained as follows; factor 1, pickiness (reliability alpha=0.89; explanation of variance=27.79), factor 2, over activity (alpha=0.80, explanation of variance=16.51), and factor 3, irregularity (alpha=0.59, explanation of variance=10.01). Three factors for mother's eating behavior could be explained as follows; factor 1,irregularities (alpha=0.73, explanation of variance=21.73), factor 2, pickiness (alpha=0.65, explanation of variance= 20.16), and factor 3, permissiveness (alpha=0.60, explanation of variance=19.13). Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed an acceptance fit for these models. Internal consistencies for these factors were above 0.6. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicated that EBT form is a valid tool to measure comprehensive eating and feeding behaviors for infants and young children.
Child* ; Eating ; Factor Analysis, Statistical ; Feeding Behavior* ; Humans ; Infant* ; Mothers ; Parents ; Permissiveness ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to identify the factors influencing the experience of sexual violence victims while dating as College Students. METHODS: With a correlational survey design, data was collected by self-report questionnaires from 560 college students who had reported sexual violence during a date. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficients, and stepwise multiple regression. RESULTS: College students while on date who reported sexual violence showed a significantly negative correlation with self-esteem, dating sexual assault recognition, sexual assertiveness, and significantly positive correlations with the gender role stereotypes, sexual violence permissiveness, date sexual violence inflictions, and family violence. A combination of date sexual violence inflictions, self-esteem, sexual violence permissiveness, sexual assertiveness all accounted for 41% of the variance in date sexual violence among college students. CONCLUSION: Self-esteem and sexual assertiveness must be progressively uplifted in order to prevent date sexual violence. A specific program established to reduce sexual violence permissiveness would be useful in order to reduce the number of sexual violence victims for college students who are dating.
Assertiveness ; Domestic Violence ; Gender Identity ; Humans ; Permissiveness ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Sex Offenses ; Violence

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to identify the factors influencing the experience of sexual violence victims while dating as College Students. METHODS: With a correlational survey design, data was collected by self-report questionnaires from 560 college students who had reported sexual violence during a date. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficients, and stepwise multiple regression. RESULTS: College students while on date who reported sexual violence showed a significantly negative correlation with self-esteem, dating sexual assault recognition, sexual assertiveness, and significantly positive correlations with the gender role stereotypes, sexual violence permissiveness, date sexual violence inflictions, and family violence. A combination of date sexual violence inflictions, self-esteem, sexual violence permissiveness, sexual assertiveness all accounted for 41% of the variance in date sexual violence among college students. CONCLUSION: Self-esteem and sexual assertiveness must be progressively uplifted in order to prevent date sexual violence. A specific program established to reduce sexual violence permissiveness would be useful in order to reduce the number of sexual violence victims for college students who are dating.
Assertiveness ; Domestic Violence ; Gender Identity ; Humans ; Permissiveness ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Sex Offenses ; Violence