No abstract available.
Peritoneal Fibrosis

No abstract available.
Humans ; Peritoneal Dialysis* ; Peritoneal Fibrosis*

Peritoneal fibrosis is one of the major complications occurring in long-term peritoneal dialysis patients as a result of injury. Peritoneal fibrosis is characterized by submesothelial thickening and fibrosis which is associated with a decline in peritoneal membrane function. The myofibroblast has been identified as the key player involved in the development and progression of peritoneal fibrosis. Activation of the myofibroblast is correlated with expansion of the extracellular matrix and changes in peritoneal membrane integrity. Over the years, epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been accepted as the predominant source of the myofibroblast. Peritoneal mesothelial cells have been described to undergo EMT in response to injury. Several animal and in vitro studies support the role of EMT in peritoneal fibrosis; however, emerging evidence from genetic fate-mapping studies has demonstrated that myofibroblasts may be arising from resident fibroblasts and pericytes/perivascular fibroblasts. In this review, we will discuss hypotheses currently surrounding the origin of the myofibroblast and highlight the experimental systems predominantly being used to investigate this.
Animals ; Extracellular Matrix ; Fibroblasts ; Fibrosis ; Humans ; In Vitro Techniques ; Membranes ; Myofibroblasts* ; Peritoneal Dialysis ; Peritoneal Fibrosis*

Encapsulating peritoneal fibrosis (EPF) is a serious, uncommon complication of chronic peritoneal dialysis. However, it is rare in hemodialysis patients. EPF is characterized by peritoneal membrane inflammation followed by peritoneal membrane fibrosis and encapsulation. The etiology is unclear, but inflammation of the deteriorated peritoneum causes peritoneal fibrosis. We present a case of EPF that occurred in a 29-year-old man with hepatitis B-associated liver cirrhosis with ascites that was treated solely with hemodialysis. We managed this patient surgically and then medically with prednisolone. To our knowledge, this is the first such case in Korea, so we report this case with a literature review.
Adult ; Ascites ; Fibrosis ; Hepatitis ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Korea ; Liver Cirrhosis ; Membranes ; Peritoneal Dialysis ; Peritoneal Fibrosis* ; Peritoneum ; Prednisolone ; Renal Dialysis*

Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS) is a rare but fatal complication of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). There are some reports on the effect of immunosuppressant therapy including steroid, but the results have not always been promising. Recently, owing to the advance of surgical techniques, there are some reports of the EPS cases significantly improved after successful surgery. A 30-year old man developed EPS after 9 years of peritoneal dialysis, and switched to hemodialysis. In spite of repetitive conservative management and immunosuppressant therapy, there was no improvement. His body weight decreased from 50 kg to 40 kg (BMI 14.2 kg/m2) due to severe malnutrition, so we decided to perform surgery. Total intestinal enterolysis was done successfully without concomitant enterectomy, and his general condition improved dramatically. Four months after surgery, the serum albumin concentration increased from 3.1 g/dL to 4.3 g/dL, cholesterol from 92 mg/dL to 208 mg/dL, and hemoglobin from 9.2 g/dL to 12.5 g/dL. His body weight increased to 61 kg (BMI 21.6 kg/m2), and there was not any fluid collection or bowel obstruction seen on the abdominal CT scan. We experienced a case of EPS which was significantly improved after enterolysis. We report this case with review of the literature.
Body Weight ; Cholesterol ; Hemoglobins ; Malnutrition ; Peritoneal Dialysis ; Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory ; Peritoneal Fibrosis ; Peritonitis ; Renal Dialysis ; Serum Albumin

Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS) is an uncommon but fatal complication of peritoneal dialysis (PD). Recently, there were some reports of advanced EPS cases that were successfully treated by enterolysis although an intestinal perforation or leakage from intestinal anastomosis were associated with a high mortality. We experienced a case of EPS in a 53-year-old man on PD for 3.5 years without a previous history of episode of peritonitis who presented with hemoperitoneum during treatment of peritonitis. EPS was diagnosed radiologically according to typical CT findings; The series of CT scans revealed how to develop in sequence from a very subtle findings to full-blown findings of EPS. Enterolysis was performed because the patient did not respond to conservative management such as cessation of PD with transfer to hemodialysis, nutritional support and steroid therapy. In spite of intestinal perforation during surgery, he was successfully treated with enterolysis. Therefore, we report this case with review of the literature.
Hemoperitoneum ; Humans ; Intestinal Perforation ; Middle Aged ; Nutritional Support ; Peritoneal Dialysis ; Peritoneal Fibrosis ; Peritonitis ; Renal Dialysis ; Sclerosis

Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS) is a rare complication of peritoneal dialysis associated with a high mortality rate. Bacterial peritonitis (BP), a complication of EPS treatment, is uncommon, and treatments for BP are not well known. We report two patients who had undergone steroid treatment who developed BP after hemodialysis transfer. In the first case, we treated the BP with antibiotics and performed several surgical drainage procedures; however, the fluid became too thick to drain. This patient died of malnutrition and sepsis. In the second case, antibiotics and surgical enterolysis with peritonectomy were used to treat the BP. Solid food was accepted on day 7 postoperatively, and the patient was stable after 20 months. Thus, surgical enterolysis with peritonectomy may be a good treatment modality for patients with EPS and BP.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Drainage ; Humans ; Malnutrition ; Mortality ; Peritoneal Dialysis ; Peritoneal Fibrosis* ; Peritonitis* ; Renal Dialysis ; Sepsis

OBJECTIVETo summarize the development of gene delivery vectors in peritoneal fibrosis research and discuss the feasibility and superiority of lentiviral vectors.

DATA SOURCESThe data in this article were collected from PubMed database with relevant English articles published from 1995 to 2011.

STUDY SELECTIONArticles regarding the gene therapy in peritoneal fibrosis research using non-viral vectors, adenoviral vectors, retroviral vectors, and lentiviral vectors were selected. Data were mainly extracted from 60 articles, which are listed in the reference section of this review.

RESULTSNon-viral vector-mediated gene delivery (including naked DNA for ex vivo, oligonucleotides, ultrasound- contrast agent mediated naked gene delivery, etc.) and viral vector-mediated gene delivery (including adenovirus, helper-dependant adenovirus, and retrovirus vectors) have been successfully applied both in the mechanistic investigation and the potential prevention and treatment of peritoneal fibrosis.

CONCLUSIONSPeritoneal fibrosis is a major complication of peritoneal dialysis (PD). Recently, the wide use of the gene delivery technique made it possible to access and further research peritoneal fibrosis. The use of lentiviral vector is expected to be widely used in PD research in the future due to its advantages in gene delivery.

Peritoneal membrane shows progressive thickening, fibrotic changes and neovascularization with time on PD. Peritonitis, uremia and bioincompatible dialysate solution are important causes of peritoneal fibrosis in CAPD patients. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is one of the important etiologic factors for the peritoneal fibrosis in CAPD patients. Low GDP group showed less EMT than conventional PD group. Adjustment of peritoneal growth factor for dialysate CA125 revealed significant association with EMT suggesting that fibroblastoid transition from HPMC could be affected by the amount of intraperitoneal VEGF per unit mass of HPMC. There was significant improvement in both degree of EMT and D-CA125 at 6th and 12th months after switching from high GDP solution to low GDP solution. Application of icodextrin solution showed preservation of the peritoneum, like less EMT and high mesothelial bulk mass. In conclusion, therapy with low GDP solution including icodextrin may positively impact on preservation of the peritoneal membrane via reduced EMT.
Glucans ; Glucose ; Guanosine Diphosphate ; Humans ; Membranes ; Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory ; Peritoneal Fibrosis ; Peritoneum ; Peritonitis ; Uremia ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A

Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS) is a rare but severe complication of peritoneal dialysis. A total of 50% of the patients died within 12 months after being diagnosed. There are no obvious clinical symptoms in the early stage of EPS, which is easy to be missed. And there are few case reports of EPS in early stage. On December 22, 2018, a 70-year-old male patient undergoing peritoneal dialysis for 17 months, who was diagnosed as EPS, was admitted to the Department of Nephrology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University. The patient's peritoneal dialysis catheter was obstructed after peritonitis. The peritoneal dialysis fluid couldn't be drain in and out of the abdominal cavity. Therefore, the laparoscopy was performed to repair the catheter. The operation in progress showed that the peritoneum was slightly thickened and the ileocecal intestinal tube was closely adhered to the parietal peritoneum where the catheter was wrapped, indicating the early stage of EPS. Peritoneal relaxation was performed. The patient's catheter was normal after adhesiolysis. He underwent hemodialysis, nutritional supporting as well as peritoneal dialysis transition, etc. The peritonitis was controlled after 10 days and the peritoneal dialysis was resumed. After discharge from hospital, the patient took moxifloxacin for 2 more weeks. We followed up the patient for 6 months. The automated peritoneal dialysis is maintained, and everything remains normal. Clinicians need to improve understanding of EPS. Early diagnosis and laparoscopic adhesiolysis is helpful to continue peritoneal dialysis treatment.
Aged ; Early Diagnosis ; Humans ; Male ; Peritoneal Dialysis/adverse effects* ; Peritoneal Fibrosis/pathology* ; Peritoneum ; Peritonitis/pathology* ; Sclerosis/pathology*