Humans ; Peripheral Arterial Disease/epidemiology*

OBJECTIVETo investigate the prevalence and risk factors of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) in male Chinese octogenarians and nonagenarians with hypertension.

METHODSAnkle-brachial index (ABI) was measured in the noninvasive vascular laboratory for hypertensive male octogenarians and nonagenarians enrolled from outpatient and inpatient departments. The baseline conditions were investigated using standard questionnaire and by routine physical examinations. PAD was diagnosed when an ABI≤0.9 in either lower extremity.

RESULTSTotally 290 male Chinese octogenarians and nonagenarians [age: (84.61±4.20) years] with hypertension who were receiving antihypertensive therapy were enrolled in this study, among whom 9 men with missing data except age and ABI measurements. The ABI was 0.948±0.258, with the range of highest frequency of 0.91-1.30, and 106 patients were diagnosed as PAD, 182 as non-PAD, and 2 had ABI>1.3. ABI in hypertensive men with PAD were significantly lower than in those without PAD (P<0.05). On the contrary, age, blood urea nitrogen, white blood cell counts, platelets and aspartic transaminase were significantly higher in PAD patients than in non-PAD patients (all P<0.05). The prevalence of PAD in this study population were 36.5%; more specifically, it significantly differed between different subgroups when stratified by age (28.6% vs. 46.3%, below and above 85 years), with and without hypertension (27.5% vs. 40.1%), stroke (44.7% vs. 27.5%), dyslipidemia (41.4% vs. 33.3%), coronary artery disease (44.1% vs. 13.9%), and diabetes mellitus (53.7% vs. 21.8%) (all P<0.05). The prevalences of PAD in hypertensive patients treated with diuretics, calcium antagonists, beta-blocker, or angiotensin receptor antagonist were 41.4%, 36.1%, 22.4%, and 26.8%, respectively. No association was observed between the prevalence of PAD and smoking/alcohol drinking in these subjects. Multivariate analysis showed that age (OR 1.12, 95%CI 1.014-1.238), blood urea nitrogen (OR 1.15, 95%CI 1.025-1.301), aspartic transaminase (OR 1.05, 95%CI 1.005-1.089), diabetes mellitus (OR 4.02, 95%CI 1.797-9.009), coronary artery disease (OR 6.34, 95%CI 1.734-23.214) were strong risk factors of PAD.

CONCLUSIONPAD is highly prevalent among aged Chinese hypertensive men, in which age, blood urea nitrogen, aspartic transaminase, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease may be involved in the development of this condition.

Aged, 80 and over ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Humans ; Hypertension ; complications ; Male ; Peripheral Arterial Disease ; epidemiology ; etiology ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors

Epidemiologic studies have revealed diabetes mellitus is an important determining factor not only for the presence of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) but also for the severity of PAD. As PAD is closely related to mortality and morbidity in individuals with diabetes as well as the general population, the primary prevention for PAD is very important. Age, disease duration, the level of hyperglycemia, blood pressure, and smoking status are independent risk factors for development of PAD in diabetic patients, and management of those risk factors might be an effective tool for reducing PAD burden.
Blood Pressure ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Epidemiologic Studies ; Epidemiology ; Humans ; Hyperglycemia ; Mortality ; Peripheral Arterial Disease ; Primary Prevention ; Risk Factors ; Smoke ; Smoking

BACKGROUND: Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is known as the greatest risk factor affecting the amputation of diabetic foot. Thus, it is crucial to understand the epidemiology of PAD associated with diabetic foot and the relationship between PTA and amputation in predicting prognosis. However, no such multi-year data are available in Korea. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate trends of amputation involving diabetic foot based on vascular interventions for PAD in Korea. METHODS: This study was conducted using six-year data obtained from Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service from January 1, 2011 to December 31, 2016. Our study included data pertaining to diabetic foot, PAD, and vascular intervention codes (percutaneous transluminal angioplasty [PTA, M6597], percutaneous intravascular installation of stent-graft [PIISG, M6605], and percutaneous intravascular atherectomy [PIA, M6620]). We analyzed the number of vascular interventions and minor and major amputations each year. The relationship between annual amputation and vascular intervention was analyzed using χ² test. RESULTS: The overall number of vascular interventions increased from 253 (PTA, 111; PIISG, 140; and PIA, 2) in 2011 to 1,230 (PTA, 745; PIISG, 470; and PIA, 15) in 2016. During the same period, the number of minor amputations increased from 2,534 to 3,319 while major amputations decreased from 980 to 956. The proportion of minor amputations among patients who underwent vascular intervention was significantly increased from 19.34% in 2011 to 21.45% in 2016 while the proportion of major amputations among these patients was significantly reduced from 9.88% to 4.27%. In addition, the association between vascular intervention and amputation increased from 0.56 (spearman correlation coefficient) in 2011 to 0.62 in 2016. CONCLUSION: In diabetic foot patients, increase in vascular intervention resulted in a change in amputation pattern, showing statistically significant correlation.
Amputation ; Angioplasty ; Atherectomy ; Diabetic Foot ; Epidemiology ; Humans ; Insurance, Health ; Korea ; Lower Extremity ; Peripheral Arterial Disease ; Prognosis ; Risk Factors

BACKGROUNDThe investigations of prevalence and risk factors of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) in type 2 diabetic patients have been carried out in many countries and regions, except for Central China. In this study, we determined the prevalence of PAD in type 2 diabetic patients and the related factors that gave rise to increasing of the risk of PAD development in Wuhan, China.

METHODSThe study enrolled 2010 patients aged 60 years and older who were regularly visiting the Central Hospital of Wuhan that is a public hospital from 2005 to 2010, where all residents of the city were offered the medical services. PAD was defined as an ankle-brachial index < 0.90 in either leg. To evaluate the role of various risk factors in PAD development, uniformed interviews, clinical examinations and laboratory investigation of all of participants were performed in this study. The correlation between potential risk factors and PAD was analyzed.

RESULTSIn Wuhan, the prevalence rate of PAD was 24.1% in elderly diabetic patients. Totally, 291 patients with PAD had at least one weak but not absent dorsalis pedis pulse in both feet, while 541 patients without PAD showed this way. At least one absent dorsalis pedis pulse was found in 192 patients with PAD as well as 10 patients without PAD. The results of multivariate regression analysis suggested that the age, smoking history, hypertension, diabetic neuropathy and macroangiopathy gave rise to significant increase of PAD development in type 2 diabetic diseases.

CONCLUSIONSThe prevalence of PAD in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes in Wuhan was close to the prevalence that was reported in other regions of China and other Asian countries. Control of the related risk factors and early diagnosis of PAD may play a role in PAD prevention and improving prognosis.

Aged ; China ; epidemiology ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; complications ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Peripheral Arterial Disease ; epidemiology ; etiology ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors

OBJECTIVEto explore the relationship between occupational physical activity and peripheral arterial disease (PAD)assessed by ankle-brachial index (ABI).

METHODSdata including ABI, occupational physical activity intensity, health history, medication use, blood biochemistry and physical examinations derived from 16 446 subjects from 9 areas throughout China were analyzed. Univariate and multivariate adjusted logistic regression analysis were used for the data analyses.

RESULTSoccupational physical activity intensity was classified into 5 levels as jobless, very light, light, moderate and heavy intensity. With the increasing of physical activity intensity, the risk of PAD gradually decreased (P(trend) < 0.05). In comparison with jobless group, the ORs of PAD for other groups were 0.65 (95%CI: 0.52, 0.82), 0.70 (95%CI: 0.56, 0.87), 0.57 (95%CI: 0.44, 0.73), 0.65 (95%CI: 0.53, 0.80) respectively. After adjusting for gender, age, smoke, obesity/overweight, the history of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and stroke, the ORs were 1.02 (95%CI: 0.80, 1.31), 0.91 (95%CI: 0.72, 1.15), 0.92 (95%CI: 0.70, 1.19), 0.90 (95%CI: 0.72, 1.12) (P(trend) < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONPAD risk reduced in proportion with increasing occupational physical activity.

Adult ; Aged ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Motor Activity ; Multivariate Analysis ; Occupations ; Peripheral Arterial Disease ; epidemiology ; Risk Factors

OBJECTIVETo investigate the relationship between marital status and prevalence of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) among Beijing residents.

METHODSFrom May to August 2007, 10 054 residents were interviewed to collect demographic and biochemistry information. Generalized linear mixed model was used to determine the relationship between marital status and prevalence of PAD in terms of OR and corresponding 95% confidence intervals.

RESULTSAfter adjusting the traditional risk factors including age, area, lipid, serum glucose, blood pressure, central obesity, smoking, drinking and physical activities for PAD, relationship between marital status and prevalence of PAD was found both at the female and male groups of those with 45 years or older. Compared with married men, OR and 95% confidence interval of PAD for unmarried men were 1.56 (0.39 - 6.35) and 1.61 (0.77 - 3.35) for those with 45 years younger and older respectively, while compared with married women, OR and 95% confidence interval of PAD for unmarried women were 0.75 (0.22 - 2.57) and 1.78 (1.23 - 2.58) for those with 45 years younger and older respectively. Significant differences (all P < 0.01) were found between married and unmarried women of 45 years or older in terms of age, waist circumstances, systolic blood pressure, fasting glucose, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein and smoking.

CONCLUSIONSPeripheral arterial disease was related to marital status for women of 45 years or older among Beijing residents. Estrogen level and the distribution of other PAD risk factors might contribute to the observed finding.

Adult ; Aged ; Alcohol Drinking ; epidemiology ; Blood Pressure ; Cholesterol ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Lipoproteins, LDL ; Male ; Marital Status ; Middle Aged ; Peripheral Arterial Disease ; epidemiology ; Peripheral Vascular Diseases ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Smoking ; epidemiology

This prospective study surveyed the prevalence of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) in Korean patients with coronary arterial disease (CAD) or cerebrovascular disorder (CVD). From March 2010, 576 hospitalized patients in cardiovascular or stroke center were enrolled as the study group. Ankle-brachial index (ABI) was measured and the cut-off point for diagnosing PAD was < or = 0.9 at rest. A total of 424 hospitalized patients in the Department of Surgery and aged > or = 50 yr was enrolled as the control group. The prevalence of PAD was significantly higher in the study group than the control group (7.6% vs 1.7%; P < 0.001). To analyze the relationship of other vascular diseases and PAD, the patients were regrouped; group A (no CAD or CVD), group B (CAD only), group C (CVD only), and group D (CAD and CVD). Compared with group A, those with other vascular diseases (group B, C, D) had significantly higher prevalence of PAD, diabetes, dyslipidemia, renal insufficiency and claudication. The trend that patients with CAD or CVD are at risk of PAD is observed in this cross-sectional study in Koreans. Routine ABI measurement is recommended in these high-risk groups for early detection and proper management of PAD.
Aged ; Ankle Brachial Index ; Cerebrovascular Disorders/complications/*epidemiology ; Coronary Artery Disease/complications/*epidemiology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Odds Ratio ; Peripheral Arterial Disease/*epidemiology/etiology ; Prevalence ; Prospective Studies ; Republic of Korea/epidemiology ; Risk Factors

INTRODUCTION: Identifying peripheral arterial disease (PAD) during diabetic foot screening (DFS) is crucial in reducing the risk of diabetic foot ulcerations and lower limb amputations. Screening assessments commonly used include absolute systolic toe pressure (ASTP) and toe-brachial index (TBI). There is a lack of research defining the threshold values of both assessment methods. We aimed to compare the accuracy of ASTP and TBI and establish optimal threshold values of ASTP and TBI with reference to the internationally accepted ankle-brachial pressure index (ABPI) screening test, for a multiethnic diabetic population in Singapore. METHODS: A retrospective, observational study of DFS results from January 2017 to December 2017 was conducted. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was conducted for ASTP and TBI using the internationally accepted ABPI cut-off value of ≤0.9 to indicate PAD. RESULTS: A total of 1,454 patients with mean (standard deviation) age of 63.1 (12.4) years old were included. There were 50.8% men and 49.2% women, comprising 69.7% Chinese, 13.5% Indian, 10.1% Malay and 6.7% other ethnicities. Areas under the curve for ASTP and TBI were 0.89 (95% confidence interval [Cl] 0.85-0.94) and 0.94 (95% Cl 0.90-0.98), respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.001). Derived optimal threshold values to indicate ABPI≤0.9 for ASTP and TBI were <95.5mmHg (specificity 0.86, sensitivity 0.84) and <0.7 (specificity 0.89, sensitivity 0.95), respectively. CONCLUSION ASTP or TBI may be used to detect ABPI-determined PAD in DFS. The optimal threshold values derived from a multiethnic Asian diabetic population were <95.5mmHg for ASTP and <0.7 for TBI.
Ankle Brachial Index/methods* ; Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiology* ; Diabetic Foot/diagnosis* ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Peripheral Arterial Disease/diagnosis* ; Retrospective Studies ; Toes

Objective: Liver fibrosis is an important predictor of mortality in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Peripheral artery disease (PAD) and liver fibrosis share many common metabolic dysfunctions. We aimed to explore the association between PAD and risk of fibrosis deterioration in NAFLD patients. Methods: The study recruited 1,610 NAFLD patients aged ≥ 40 years from a well-defined community at baseline in 2010 and followed up between August 2014 and May 2015. Fibrosis deterioration was defined as the NAFLD fibrosis score (NFS) status increased to a higher category at the follow-up visit. PAD was defined as an ankle-brachial index of < 0.90 or > 1.40. Results: During an average of 4.3 years' follow-up, 618 patients progressed to a higher NFS category. PAD was associated with 92% increased risk of fibrosis deterioration [multivariable-adjusted odds ratio ( ): 1.92, 95% confidence interval ( ): 1.24, 2.98]. When stratified by baseline NFS status, the for progression from low to intermediate or high NFS was 1.74 (95% : 1.02, 3.00), and progression from intermediate to high NFS was 2.24 (95% : 1.05, 4.80). There was a significant interaction between PAD and insulin resistance (IR) on fibrosis deterioration ( for interaction = 0.03). As compared with non-PAD and non-IR, the coexistence of PAD and IR was associated with a 3.85-fold (95% : 2.06, 7.18) increased risk of fibrosis deterioration. Conclusion PAD is associated with an increased risk of fibrosis deterioration in NAFLD patients, especially in those with IR. The coexistence of PAD and IR may impose an interactive effect on the risk of fibrosis deterioration.
Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Ankle Brachial Index ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Liver Cirrhosis ; epidemiology ; etiology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease ; epidemiology ; etiology ; Peripheral Arterial Disease ; complications ; Prevalence ; Prospective Studies ; Risk Factors