OBJECTIVETo investigate the changes in serum pepsinogen (PG) I/II ratio induced by Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection and assess the value of PG I/II test in evaluating organ damages in hypertensive patients.

METHODSThe serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein (HDL) and PG I/II ratio were tested in 288 hypertensive patients with or without Hp infection. The PG I/II ratio between the patients with different grade of hypertension, patients with and without hypertensive nephropathy, patients with and without hypertensive retinopathy. The relationship of PG I/II ratio with serum total cholesterol, triglycerides and HDL was analyzed with Pearson's correlation analysis and the effectiveness of PG I/II ratio in the the diagnosis of nephropathy and retinopathy was evaluated by receiver-operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis.

RESULTSCompared with patients without Hp infection, the Hp-infected patients showed significantly decreased PG I/II ratio and increased total cholesterol and triglycerides (P<0.05), but their HDL levels, systolic pressure and diastolic pressure were comparable (P>0.05). PG I/II ratio was significantly decreased in patients with nephropathy and retinopathy compared with the patients without nephropathy and retinopathy (P<0.05), and was similar between patients with different grades of hypertension (P>0.05). PG I/II ratio was negatively correlated with serum total cholesterol and triglycerides in the hypertensive patients (P<0.05), and its area under curve (AUC) of ROC was 0.79 and 0.82 in the diagnosis of nephropathy and retinopathy, respectively.

CONCLUSIONSHypertensive patients with nephropathy and retinopathy have obviously decreased PG I/II ratio, which can be used for screening organ damages in hypertensive patients.

Helicobacter Infections ; blood ; Helicobacter pylori ; Humans ; Hypertension ; blood ; microbiology ; Pepsinogen A ; blood ; Pepsinogen C ; blood

OBJECTIVETo explore the value of combined assay of serum PG and OPN concentration for gastric cancer screening.

METHODSPepsinogen I , II and osteopontin (OPN) concentrations in fasting serum were measured by ELISA in 570 subjects, including 144 gastric cancer, 60 dysplasia, 113 atrophic gastritis, 70 erosion or ulcer, 92 superficial gastritis and 91 healthy control. The cut off point for PG and OPN was determined using receiver operator characteristics curves (ROC).

RESULTSUsing a serum PG I concentration < or =80 ng/ml, I: II ration < or =5.0 and OPN concentration > or =34 ng/ml or > or =30.4 ng/ml (based on ROC) for gastric cancer screening,the specificity, positive and negative predictive values were superior to that obtained by PG concentration only. Using a serumPGI concentration < or =50 ng/ml, I : II ration C 5. 0 and OPN concentration > or =35.2 ng/ml or > or =29. 2 ng/ml (based on ROC), the sensitivity, positive and negative predictive values were superior to that obtained by PG concentration only. Combining PG and OPN for gastric cancer screening, both sensitivity and specificity were more than 70% , while with OPN alone, only good specificity can be achieved.

CONCLUSIONCombining different serum PG and OPN concentration for gastric cancer screening is superior to PG or OPN only. This may be used as a new method in gastric cancer mass screening.

Gastritis, Atrophic ; blood ; diagnosis ; Humans ; Mass Screening ; methods ; Osteopontin ; blood ; Pepsinogen A ; blood ; Pepsinogen C ; blood ; Precancerous Conditions ; blood ; diagnosis ; ROC Curve ; Reproducibility of Results ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Stomach Neoplasms ; blood ; diagnosis ; Stomach Ulcer ; blood ; diagnosis

OBJECTIVETo study the correlation between serum pepsinogen (PG) level and gastric mucosal changes of the residents who live in the high incidence area of gastric cancer, and investigate the value of serum PG level in screening for chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) and gastric cancer (GC).

METHODSSerum PG level was detected with time resolved fluorescence immunoassay (TRFIA). The correlation between serum PG level and gastric mucosal changes was analyzed through endoscopic biopsy and pathological examination in 720 adult residents.

RESULTSThe median serum PG I, PG II level and PG I / PG II ratio in 30 healthy residents with normal gastric mucosa was 172.0 microg/L, 9.6 microg/L and 17.5, respectively. The median serum PG I level of GC patients was significantly lower than that of chronic gastritis patients, gastric ulcer (GU) patients and local healthy residents (P < 0.05). The median PG I level of GU patients was significantly higher than that of the healthy resident group and the other groups (P <0.05). Serum PG II level in CAG, GC and GU groups were all significantly higher than that in CSG and healthy resident group (P <0.05). The PG I/PG II ratio in CAG or GC patients was significantly lower than that in the other groups (P < 0.05). The sensitivity and specificity of serum PG I < or = 60 microg/L for screening CAG or GC was 19.7% and 95.5% respectively, which were 34.7%, 89.3% for PG I/PG II < or =6, and 14.1%, 97.3% for PG I < or =60 microg/L + PG I /PG II < or =6. None in GU group was found to have serum PG I < or =60 microg/L. The median serum PG I level and PG I /PG II ratio in chronic gastritis (including CSG and CAG) with intestinal metaplasia were significantly lower than that of healthy resident group (P < 0.05). The sensitivity and specificity for screening of intestinal metaplasia were 16.6% and 92.9% by PG I < or =60 microg/L; 25.6% and 80.4% by PG I/PG II < or =6; 11.9% and 93.9% by PG I < or =60 microg/L + PG I/ PG II < or = 6.

CONCLUSIONSerum pepsinogen level of the residents in the high incidence area of gastric cancer is closely correlated with the pathological changes of gastric mucosa. Though the sensitivity of serum pepsinogen level is relatively lower in the screening for chronic gastritis, gastric cancer and intestinal metaplasia, the specificity was quite high. PG I < or = 60 microg/L may be usful in differential diagnosis of gastric cancer from gastric ulcer.

Diagnosis, Differential ; Gastric Mucosa ; pathology ; Gastritis, Atrophic ; blood ; diagnosis ; pathology ; Humans ; Metaplasia ; Pepsinogen A ; blood ; Pepsinogen C ; blood ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Stomach Neoplasms ; blood ; diagnosis ; pathology ; Stomach Ulcer ; blood ; diagnosis ; pathology

OBJECTIVES: In Fujian Province, China, gastric cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality among all malignant tumors. Nanjing county and Minqing county are located in inland Fujian and have similar general demographics. However, the adjusted mortality rate of gastric cancer in Minqing was found to be much higher than that in Nanjing. We sought to explore factors associated with this increased risk of gastric cancer between the two counties. METHODS: We recruited 231 and 224 residents from Nanjing and Minqing, respectively, and analyzed differences between their dietary habits, Helicobacter pylori infection rates, and concentrations of serum pepsinogen I, pepsinogen II, gastrin-17, and ratio of pepsinogen I:II. RESULTS: Subjects in Minqing had more first-degree relatives who had been diagnosed with upper gastrointestinal tumor, more unhealthy dietary habits, a higher Helicobacter pylori positive rate, and greater proportion of abnormal serum gastrin-17 than those in Nanjing did. CONCLUSIONS: The factors that differed between these two counties might indicate that residents in Minqing have a higher risk for developing gastric cancer than those in Nanjing do.
Adult ; Aged ; China/epidemiology ; Female ; Food Habits ; Gastrins/blood ; Helicobacter Infections/epidemiology/microbiology/pathology ; Helicobacter pylori ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pepsinogen A/blood ; Pepsinogen C/blood ; Risk Factors ; Stomach Neoplasms/*diagnosis

OBJECTIVES: In Fujian Province, China, gastric cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality among all malignant tumors. Nanjing county and Minqing county are located in inland Fujian and have similar general demographics. However, the adjusted mortality rate of gastric cancer in Minqing was found to be much higher than that in Nanjing. We sought to explore factors associated with this increased risk of gastric cancer between the two counties. METHODS: We recruited 231 and 224 residents from Nanjing and Minqing, respectively, and analyzed differences between their dietary habits, Helicobacter pylori infection rates, and concentrations of serum pepsinogen I, pepsinogen II, gastrin-17, and ratio of pepsinogen I:II. RESULTS: Subjects in Minqing had more first-degree relatives who had been diagnosed with upper gastrointestinal tumor, more unhealthy dietary habits, a higher Helicobacter pylori positive rate, and greater proportion of abnormal serum gastrin-17 than those in Nanjing did. CONCLUSIONS: The factors that differed between these two counties might indicate that residents in Minqing have a higher risk for developing gastric cancer than those in Nanjing do.
Adult ; Aged ; China/epidemiology ; Female ; Food Habits ; Gastrins/blood ; Helicobacter Infections/epidemiology/microbiology/pathology ; Helicobacter pylori ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pepsinogen A/blood ; Pepsinogen C/blood ; Risk Factors ; Stomach Neoplasms/*diagnosis

BACKGROUND: Atrophic gastritis is a well known risk factor for gastric adenocarcinoma. Its confirmatory diagnosis requires histology via endoscopy, which is an invasive method; therefore, periodic follow up evaluation as a screening method is difficult to perform. We evaluated the clinical utility of serum pepsinogens (PG) as a biomarker for screening of atrophic gastritis. METHODS: The study population consisted of 130 selected dyspeptic patients (M:F=52:78; age, 16-105 yrs; mean age, 50.8 yrs) who had undergone a diagnostic endoscopy. The serum pepsinogen test was performed by a latex turbidimetric immunoassay method (HBI, Korea) using Toshiba-200FR automatic analyzer. The PGI, II level and PGI:PGII ratio of non-atrophic gastritis group were compared with those of atrophic gastritis group, and a correlation with Helicobacter pylori infection was examined. Cut-off points for screening of atrophic gastritis were determined. RESULTS: The mean serum concentration of PGI showed a decline from normal (60.7 ng/mL), nonatrophic gastritis (54.2 ng/mL), and atrophic gastritis (51.8 ng/mL) to gastric adenocarcinoma (32.6 ng/mL). The mean ratio of PGI:PGII was lower in atrophic gastritis (3.2) compared to non-atrophic gastritis (4.7) (P=0.021). In patients with H. pylori infection, the mean serum PGII level was higher and the PGI:PGII ratio was lower than those in patients without H. pylori infection, and the differences were statistically significant. For screening of atrophic gastritis, the best cut-off point of PGI:PGII ratio was 4, with a sensitivity of 82.6% and specificity of 91.7%. CONCLUSIONS: The serum pepsinogen test is a useful biomarker for screening of atrophic gastritis, a well-known precancerous lesion of gastric adenocarcinoma. Measuring both pepsinogen I and II concentrations simultaneously to obtain pepsinogen I/II ratio provides a clinically useful information for the detection of atrophic gastritis.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Female ; Gastritis, Atrophic/*diagnosis ; Helicobacter Infections/diagnosis ; Helicobacter pylori ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nephelometry and Turbidimetry ; Pepsinogen A/*blood ; Pepsinogen C/*blood ; ROC Curve ; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic ; Sensitivity and Specificity

BACKGROUND: Helicobacter pylori infection and subsequent gastric inflammation have been proposed as risk factors for the development of insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease. In this study we assessed the possible association of H. pylori bacterial load, and serum biomarker of gastric inflammation with cardiometabolic risk factors in diabetic patients. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 84 H. pylori-infected type 2 diabetic patients were assessed for anthropometrics, biochemical and clinical measurements. Pearson correlation test, linear, and logarithmic regression curve estimation models were used to assess the association of H. pylori stool antigen (HpSAg) levels, and pepsinogen I (PGI) to pepsinogen II (PGII) ratio with fasting serum glucose, insulin, serum lipid and lipoprotein parameters, malondialdehyde, high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), systolic and diastolic blood pressure, body weight, waist circumference and lipid accumulation product (LAP) index. RESULTS: The mean age of participants was 54+/-10 years, and 44% were men. Mean HpSAg levels and PGI/PGII ratio were 0.24+/-0.23 microg/mL and 9.9+/-9.0, respectively. Higher HpSAg as well as lower PGI/PGII was correlated with higher anthropometric measures and LAP. A significant negative correlation between PGI/PGII ratio and blood pressure (r=-0.21 and r=-0.22, systolic and diastolic, respectively, P<0.05), serum insulin (r=-0.17, P=0.05), and hs-CRP (r=-0.17, P=0.05) was observed. A significant linear association between PGI/PGII ratio with serum triglycerides (beta=-0.24, P<0.05), serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C; beta=0.43, P<0.01), and triglycerides/HDL-C ratio (beta=-0.28, P<0.05) were observed. CONCLUSION: Higher H. pylori bacterial load and lower PGI/PGII ratio was associated with higher levels of cardiometabolic risk factors in H. pylori infected type 2 diabetic patients.
Bacterial Load ; Biomarkers* ; Blood Glucose ; Blood Pressure ; Body Weight ; C-Reactive Protein ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Cholesterol, HDL ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Fasting ; Helicobacter pylori* ; Helicobacter* ; Humans ; Inflammation* ; Insulin ; Insulin Resistance ; Lipid Accumulation Product ; Lipoproteins ; Male ; Malondialdehyde ; Pepsinogen A ; Pepsinogen C ; Pepsinogens ; Risk Factors* ; Triglycerides ; Waist Circumference

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Although previous reports suggested that pepsinogen (PG) I/II ratio was the index of gastric atrophy, PG I/II ratio was also related to other factors such as Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection, various gastrointestinal diseases, and aging. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between serum PG I/II ratio and age or upper gastro-intestinal diseases according to H. pylori infection status. METHODS: A total of 529 individuals (307 male; mean age, 57.2 years) were divided into 4 groups (94 gastric ulcers, 35 duodenal ulcers, 105 reflux esophagitis, and 295 atrophic gastritis) according to endoscopic diagnosis. H. pylori infection was determined by H. pylori IgG antibody (ELISA) and PG was measured by latex immunoassay. RESULTS: H. pylori infected patients showed markedly increased serum PG II levels (24.0+/-14.7 ng/mL vs. 13.8+/-16.6 ng/mL, p<0.001) and low PG I/II ratio (3.9+/-2.0 vs. 6.0+/-2.5, p<0.001) than non-infected subjects. In H. pylori infected patients, mean PG I/II ratios in the gastric ulcer and atrophic gastritis group were significantly lower than those of the duodenal ulcer and reflux esophagitis group (p<0.001, ANOVA, Turkey's multiples comparison test). The mean ratio of open type atrophic gastritis was lower than that of close type atrophic gastritis (3.0+/-1.4 vs. 3.8+/-1.7, p<0.005). PG I/II ratio gradually decreased with age in H. pylori-infected patients with atrophic gastritis (R(2)=0.9, p=0.005, linear regression analysis). CONCLUSION: Serum PG I/II ratio reflects H. pylori infection and gastric atrophy. In the presence of H. pylori infection, gastric atrophy progresses with age.
Adult ; Age Factors ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Duodenal Ulcer/microbiology ; Esophagitis, Peptic/microbiology ; Female ; Gastritis, Atrophic/microbiology ; Gastrointestinal Diseases/*diagnosis/*microbiology ; Helicobacter Infections/*diagnosis ; *Helicobacter pylori/isolation & purification ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pepsinogen A/*blood ; Pepsinogen C/*blood ; Stomach Ulcer/microbiology

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Although previous reports suggested that pepsinogen (PG) I/II ratio was the index of gastric atrophy, PG I/II ratio was also related to other factors such as Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection, various gastrointestinal diseases, and aging. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between serum PG I/II ratio and age or upper gastro-intestinal diseases according to H. pylori infection status. METHODS: A total of 529 individuals (307 male; mean age, 57.2 years) were divided into 4 groups (94 gastric ulcers, 35 duodenal ulcers, 105 reflux esophagitis, and 295 atrophic gastritis) according to endoscopic diagnosis. H. pylori infection was determined by H. pylori IgG antibody (ELISA) and PG was measured by latex immunoassay. RESULTS: H. pylori infected patients showed markedly increased serum PG II levels (24.0+/-14.7 ng/mL vs. 13.8+/-16.6 ng/mL, p<0.001) and low PG I/II ratio (3.9+/-2.0 vs. 6.0+/-2.5, p<0.001) than non-infected subjects. In H. pylori infected patients, mean PG I/II ratios in the gastric ulcer and atrophic gastritis group were significantly lower than those of the duodenal ulcer and reflux esophagitis group (p<0.001, ANOVA, Turkey's multiples comparison test). The mean ratio of open type atrophic gastritis was lower than that of close type atrophic gastritis (3.0+/-1.4 vs. 3.8+/-1.7, p<0.005). PG I/II ratio gradually decreased with age in H. pylori-infected patients with atrophic gastritis (R(2)=0.9, p=0.005, linear regression analysis). CONCLUSION: Serum PG I/II ratio reflects H. pylori infection and gastric atrophy. In the presence of H. pylori infection, gastric atrophy progresses with age.
Adult ; Age Factors ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Duodenal Ulcer/microbiology ; Esophagitis, Peptic/microbiology ; Female ; Gastritis, Atrophic/microbiology ; Gastrointestinal Diseases/*diagnosis/*microbiology ; Helicobacter Infections/*diagnosis ; *Helicobacter pylori/isolation & purification ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pepsinogen A/*blood ; Pepsinogen C/*blood ; Stomach Ulcer/microbiology