Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is one of the major risk factors for penile cancer. This article presents an overview on the biological characteristics of HPVs, HPV infection in penile cancer, possible carcinogenic mechanisms of HPV, prognostic value of HPV in penile cancer, and HPV vaccine.
Humans ; Male ; Papillomaviridae ; Papillomavirus Infections ; Penile Neoplasms ; virology

OBJECTIVETo further understand the clinicopathological, ultrastructural and molecular features of penile pseudoangiosarcomatous squamous cell carcinoma (PASCC), and improve its diagnosis and treatment.

METHODSA 47-year-old male patient with penile PASCC was reported and the relevant literature reviewed. The main clinical manifestations of the patient were a typical surface ulceration with hemorrhage and purulent secretion with a foul smell, a papillary mass about 5.0 cm x 5.0 cm x 4.0 cm for 1 year on the foreskin of the penis, and 3 enlarged bilateral inguinal lymph nodes. CT scanning showed no enlarged lymph nodes in the abdomen and pelvis, and X-ray examination revealed no abnormality in the chest.

RESULTSThe diagnosis was established by biopsy. Partial penectomy and bilateral inguinal lymphadenectomy (T2N2M0) were performed, followed by adjuvant pelvic radiotherapy. Two months later, total penectomy was necessitated by penile flap necrosis and local recurrence. Eleven months after the first surgery, the patient died of extensive metastasis to the pelvis and lungs. Under the light microsope, the tumor was mainly composed of vessel-like lacunar reticularis spindle cells and a few local squamous cancer cells. Careful examination revealed some focal areas with evident transition from squamous nests to the more acantholytic areas extending towards the pseudoangiosarcomatous spaces. Pathogenetically, it appeared to be the variant of acantholytic squamous cell carcinoma. Immunohistochemically, most tumor cells were strongly positive for keratin (AE1/AE3) and focally positive for EMA, with the typical squamous cells focally positive for 34betaE12 and vimentin. The vessels that proliferated in the tumor were decorated by CD31, CD34 and factor VIII-related antigens, but the tumor cells were negative for HMB45, SMA, Desmin and CEA. HPV DNA (HPVpan, HPV6B/11, HPV16/18, HPV31/33) was not detected by in situ hybridization in the primary and metastatic tumors.

CONCLUSIONPASCC is a specific and extremely rare subtype of penile SCC with dramatic similarity to angiosarcoma under the microscope, with poor prognosis. Its diagnosis depends on histopathological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies. Such a presentation underscores the importance of timely consultation, early diagnosis and prompt treatment.

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; pathology ; virology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Papillomaviridae ; isolation & purification ; Penile Neoplasms ; pathology ; virology ; Penis ; pathology ; virology

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection appears to play an important role in the development of penile cancer (PeCa), but their relationship remains unclear. Therefore, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to elucidate their relationship. We systematically searched Embase, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science for case-control studies and cross-sectional studies using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) or paraffin-embedded (PE) PeCa tissues to detect HPV (published between January 1, 2007, and December 29, 2017; no language restrictions). Twenty-two studies were identified, and 1664 cases were available for analysis. The combined HPV infectious risk of PeCa is 51.0% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 43.0%-60.0%). The three most common subtypes of HPV were HPV16 (28.5%), HPV18 (2.3%), and HPV6 (2.3%). The virus was relevantly associated with basaloid (85.5%, 95% CI: 77.2%-93.8%) and warty (50.0%, 95% CI: 35.2%-64.8%) carcinomas. The invasiveness of PeCa was not associated with HPV (χ^[2] = 0.181, df = 1, P < 0.671). HPV infection in PeCa tended to be moderately differentiated (54.4%, 95% CI: 47.7%-61.1%). This study found that almost half of PeCa patients are associated with HPV. The most commonly associated genotype is HPV16, but several other genotypes were also detected. In addition to types 6 and 11, other single low-risk HPV infections have been found to contribute to PeCa to a lesser degree. HPV-positive tumors tend to exhibit warty and/or basaloid features, corresponding to a moderate histological grade. The role of HPV in PeCa should be revisited to provide evidence for the development of PeCa in the presence of HPV infection.
Humans ; Male ; Papillomaviridae ; Papillomavirus Infections/pathology* ; Penile Neoplasms/virology* ; Risk Factors

Antigens, CD ; metabolism ; Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic ; metabolism ; Carcinoma, Verrucous ; pathology ; Condylomata Acuminata ; pathology ; virology ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Human papillomavirus 11 ; isolation & purification ; Humans ; Hyperplasia ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Penile Diseases ; metabolism ; pathology ; virology ; Penile Neoplasms ; pathology ; Penis ; pathology ; Xanthomatosis ; metabolism ; pathology ; virology

OBJECTIVETo study the relationship between the infection of human papillomavirus (HPV) and external genital squamous cell carcinoma in situ.

METHODSHPV DNA was detected with the consensus primer by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and its type was determined by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP).

RESULTSHPV DNA was detected and HPV16 was the most frequently identified type in 29 (56.9%) of 51 cases of external genital squamous cell carcinoma in situ. HPV DNA was positive in 22 (55%) of 40 cases of bowenoid papulosis, among which 20 were of HPV16 type, one of HPV31 type, and one of HPV6 + 16 type. HPV DNA was positive in all 5 cases (100%) of Bowen's disease, among which 4 were HPV16 type and one of HPV6 + 16 type. HPV DNA was positive in 2 (33.3%) of 6 Queyrat erythroplasia cases and all were of HPV16 type.

CONCLUSIONHPV16 infection is strongly associated with the external genital squamous cell carcinoma in situ including bowenoid papulosis, Bowen's disease, and Queyrat erythroplasia.

Adult ; Aged ; Bowen's Disease ; virology ; Carcinoma in Situ ; virology ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; virology ; DNA Probes, HPV ; DNA, Viral ; analysis ; Erythroplasia ; virology ; Female ; Genital Neoplasms, Female ; virology ; Genital Neoplasms, Male ; virology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Papillomaviridae ; isolation & purification ; Papillomavirus Infections ; virology ; Penile Neoplasms ; virology ; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length ; Tumor Virus Infections ; virology ; Vulvar Neoplasms ; virology

ObjectiveHuman papilloma virus (HPV) is a necessary cause of cervical cancer and is also closely related to penile cancer, oropharyngeal cancer, and anal cancer in males. However, few studies are reported on male HPV. This study aimed to investigate HPV infection of the external genitalia in men whose female partners have cervical HPV infection.

METHODSWe collected the relevant data on the male outpatients whose partners had cervical HPV infection in our Department of Urology and Andrology from August to December 2016. We obtained samples with nylon swabs from the glans penis, corona, inner layer of the prepuce and penile body and detected different types of HPV infection using the Hybribio HPV typing kit, PCR and membrane hybridization.

RESULTSValid data were collected from 140 males, which showed 83.5% of HPV infection of the external genitalia, including 60 cases of HPV6 (43.2%), 27 cases of HPV16 (19.4%), 14 cases of HPV39 (10.1%), 13 cases of HPV18 (9.4%), 13 cases of HPV58 (9.4%), and 13 cases of HPV52 (9.4%). Redundant prepuce was found in 75.5% of the males, but there was no statistically significant difference in the incidence rate of HPV infection between the normal and redundant prepuce groups (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSMen who have the female partners with positive cervical HPV are at high risk of HPV infection and therefore need to be screened and treated so as to reduce HPV infection in both sexes.

Female ; Foreskin ; virology ; Genital Diseases, Female ; virology ; Genital Diseases, Male ; virology ; Human papillomavirus 16 ; isolation & purification ; Humans ; Male ; Papillomaviridae ; isolation & purification ; Papillomavirus Infections ; diagnosis ; Penile Neoplasms ; virology ; Penis ; abnormalities ; virology ; Phimosis ; virology ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sexual Partners ; Specimen Handling ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms ; virology

OBJECTIVETo study the correlation of the expressions of CD82 and hTERT and HPV infection with the clinical pathological features of penile cancer and identify their prognostic significance in the lymphatic metastasis of the disease.

METHODSA total of 44 patients underwent partial or radical penectomy and lymph node dissection. The expressions of CD82 and hTERT were determined by immunohistochemistry, and HPV infection was detected by PCR.

RESULTSThe positive rates of CD82, hTERT, and HPV DNA in penile carcinoma were 47.7%, 38.6% and 25.9%, respectively. The amplified HPV DNA was HPV-16. The pathological stage and hTERT expression were positively correlated with inguinal lymph node metastasis of penile cancer (P = 0.032, P = 0.041), and so was the pathological stage with the expression of CD82 (P = 0.045), but neither the pathological stage, nor the expression of CD82 or the positive rate of HPV DNA showed any correlation with lymph node metastasis (P = 0.627, P = 0.094, P = 0.633).

CONCLUSIONThe pathological grade and hTERT expression are independent prognostic factors for lymph node metastasis in penile carcinoma. These features help the prognosis and identification of the patient at the risk of nodal metastasis.

Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; metabolism ; pathology ; virology ; Humans ; Kangai-1 Protein ; metabolism ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasm Staging ; Papillomaviridae ; Papillomavirus Infections ; metabolism ; Penile Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology ; virology ; Telomerase ; metabolism