Cephalosporins ; adverse effects ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Penicillins ; adverse effects ; therapeutic use ; Skin Tests

Bacteriology ; history ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Penicillins ; history ; therapeutic use ; Philately ; Scotland

Humans ; Penicillins ; adverse effects ; immunology ; therapeutic use ; Skin Tests ; classification ; methods ; standards

OBJECTIVETo analyze the use of antibiotics and the drug resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the burn ward of our hospital in the past 11 years, so as to optimize the use of antibiotics in the future.

METHODSBacterial epidemiology during 1991-2001 in our burn ward was investigated. The change of the drug resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was observed by defined daily dose (DDD) of antibiotics in adult patients and by the ranking of antibiotic administration days.

RESULTS(1) Staphylococcus aureus (10.53%-34.40%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (75.66%-11.47%) were dominant in our burn ward. (2) Predominant antibiotics used included Penicillin, Amikacin, Vancomycin, Imipenem and Ceftazidime. (3) There was increasing drug resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to the following antibiotics ranking in following order: Piperacillin (41.57%-100.00%), Imipenem (36.36%-98.46%), Ceftazidime (23.46%-97.85%), Amikacin (13.16%-100.00%) and ciprofloxacin (6.90%-100.00%).

CONCLUSIONThere was increasing drug resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to all antibiotics, which might be related to antibiotic abuse.

Amikacin ; therapeutic use ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; therapeutic use ; Burn Units ; Ceftazidime ; therapeutic use ; Drug Administration Schedule ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; drug effects ; Humans ; Imipenem ; therapeutic use ; Penicillins ; therapeutic use ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa ; drug effects ; Vancomycin ; therapeutic use

It is known that penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae (PPNG) are frequently found in South-East Asia and the infection does not respond to the recommended does of penicillin. N. gonorrhoeae cultures isolated during June 1977 to June 1979, from Yonsei Medical Center patients were tested for beta-lactamase production. Among the 127 isolates tested one was positive by the rapid iodometric method. The culture also gave a positive result by the method of Hodge et al. No zone of inhibition was observed when its susceptility was tested with a 10 unit penicillin disk. The patient who yielded the organism was a 51-year-old housewife living in Seoul. Neither she nor her husband had ever traveled abroad. This result documented the presence of PPNG in this community. In the future laboratories may require careful watch to detect further spreading of PPNG.
Female ; Gonorrhea/drug therapy ; Human ; Korea ; Neisseria gonorrhoeae/enzymology* ; Neisseria gonorrhoeae/isolation & purification ; Penicillins/therapeutic use ; beta-Lactamases/isolation & purification*

OBJECTIVETo investigate the population biology of Streptococcus (S.) pneumoniae carried by healthy children under 5 years of age in Wuhan.

METHODSS. pneumoniae was isolated from nasopharyngeal swabs of healthy children under the age of 5 years (under 5) in Wuhan. The susceptibility to 12 antimicrobial agents was tested by agar dilution method. The erythromycin resistant genes were detected by using the technique of polymerase chain reaction. The quellung reaction was used for serotyping.

RESULTSThe carrier rate of S. pneumoniae was 22.31% (135/605) in under 5 children in Wuhan. Among the 133 alive strains, the proportion of penicillin non-susceptible S. pneumoniae (PNSSP) was 45.9% (61/133). The susceptibility of S. pneumoniae to the first (cefalexin), the second (cefaclor) and the third (cefixime, cefpodoxime and cetriaxone) generations of cephalosporins was 6.0%, 45.1%, 54.9%, 56.4%, and 88.7%, respectively. None of the strains were found resistant to fluoroquinolones except for one strain which was resistant to ciprofloxacin at low level. The susceptibility to macrolides was low, 14.3% - 15.8%. Among totally 114 strains resistant to erythromycin, the genes ermB alone, both ermB and mefA, and mefA alone were found in 76 strains (66.7%), 46 strains (40.4%) and 2 strains (1.8%), respectively. Seventeen serotypes were involved and the prevalent serotypes were 19, 23, 6, 15 and 14. Seven strains remained nontypable for serotype. PNSSP strains were found to be distributed in serotypes 19, 23, 6 and nontypable group.

CONCLUSIONSThe antibiotic resistance of S. pneumoniae was serious in Wuhan area. The ribosomal modification (ermB gene mediated) was the main mechanism of S. pneumoniae resistant to erythromycin. The major prevalent serotypes were 19, 23 and 6.

Anti-Bacterial Agents ; therapeutic use ; Carrier State ; Child ; Drug Resistance, Microbial ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; Epidemiologic Studies ; Erythromycin ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Macrolides ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Nasopharynx ; microbiology ; Penicillin Resistance ; Penicillins ; therapeutic use ; Prevalence ; Serotyping ; Streptococcus pneumoniae

OBJECTIVETo investigate the antibiotics-resistance type and molecular epidemiology of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from children in Hangzhou.

METHODSThe sensitivities of 323 strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae to 9 antibiotics were determined in vitro by Kirby-Bauer diffuse methods, and MICs of penicillin and cefotaxime were determined by E-test methods.

RESULTSAmong all 323 strains isolated from children during the period from August 2001 to July 2002, 136 strains (42.1%) were sensitive to penicillin, while 57 strains (17.7%) were penicillin-resistant. Penicillin MICs ranged from 0.012 microg/ml to 4.0 microg/ml. All the strains were sensitive to cefotaxime and its MICs ranged from 0.012 microg/ml to 4.0 microg/ml. The most resistant antibiotic was erythromycin and it's resistant-rate was as high as 90.7%, followed by tetracycline (87.6%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (48.6%) and chloromycetin (14.9%). Totally 197 strains (61.0%) were multi-drug-resistant pneumococci and most of them were resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, erythromycin and tetracycline at the same time. Two strains (0.6%) were resistant to rifampin and none was resistant to vancomycin and ofloxacin. BOX PCR typing was carried out and no overwhelming fingerprinting pattern was found among penicillin resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae strains which were isolated from patients, while the banding patterns were always similar or identical among the strains isolated from the same specimen or from the same patient at different time, respectively.

CONCLUSIONThe antibiotics-resistant rate of pneumococci was high in Hangzhou, but the third-generation cephalosporins were still the best antibiotics against Streptococcus pneumoniae. One child could be infected or colonized by more than one pneumococci clone at the same or different time.

Anti-Bacterial Agents ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Cefotaxime ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Child, Preschool ; China ; Chloramphenicol ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; drug effects ; Erythromycin ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Ofloxacin ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Penicillins ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Pneumococcal Infections ; drug therapy ; microbiology ; Respiratory Tract Infections ; drug therapy ; microbiology ; Rifampin ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Streptococcus pneumoniae ; classification ; drug effects ; isolation & purification ; Tetracycline ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Trimethoprim ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use

OBJECTIVETo observe differences of therapeutic effects among acupuncture bloodletting, penicillin and acupuncture bloodletting combined with penicillin for children acute tonsillitis and providea better treatment method in cli nic.

METHODSSeventy-five mild cases were selected into section of mild symptoms while seventy-five severe cases were selected into section of severe symptoms. Cases in the two sections then were divided into, an acupuncture bloodletting group, a penicillin group and a comprehensive group by random digital table method separately, 25 cases in each one. Qu-chi (LI 11), Hegu (LI 4), Dazhui (GV 14), Shaoshang (LU 11) and Erjian (EX 11) were selected in the acupuncture bloodletting group, intravenous injection of penicillin sodium was applied in the penicillin group and acupuncture bloodletting combined with penicillin was applied in the comprehensive group. Efficacy assessment was conducted after 3 days in the section of mild symptoms and after 5 days in the section of severe symptoms.

RESULTSFor the section of mild symptoms, the total effective rate was 96.0% (24/25) in the comprehensive group and 92.0% (23/25) in the acupuncture bloodletting group, which were both superior to 68. 0% (17/25) in the penicillin group (P<0.05), but no statistical significance was seen between the comprehensive group and acupuncture bloodletting group (P>0.05). For the section of severe symptoms, the total effective rate was 96.0% (24/25) in the comprehensive group, which was obviously superior to 60.0% (15/25) in the acupuncture bloodletting group (P<0.01) and 68.0% (17/25) in the penicillin group (P<0. 05), and no statistical significance was seen between the acupuncture bloodletting group and penicillin group (P>0.05).

CONCLUSIONThe efficacy of acupuncture bloodletting combined with penicillin is little different from that of acupuncture bloodletting for treatment of children acute tonsillitis with mild accompanied symptoms, which were both superior to intravenous injection of penicillin sodium. For severe accompanied symptoms, the efficacy of acupuncture bloodletting combined with penicillin is obviously superior to acupuncture bloodletting and penicillin.

Acupuncture Points ; Acupuncture Therapy ; Bloodletting ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Combined Modality Therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Penicillins ; therapeutic use ; Tonsillitis ; drug therapy ; therapy ; Treatment Outcome

The clinical syndrome of pneumonia in adults in Port Moresby, the capital city of Papua New Guinea, has changed from the 1970s to the present. The severe lobar pneumonia commonly diagnosed in young adult men, characteristically from Goilala and living in settlements in Port Moresby, is no longer seen. Today pneumonia in adults is likely to be milder and bronchopneumonic in type. Possible explanations for the change include changes in immunity and in the bacteria found in the environment and carried in the nasopharynx of recent immigrants to the city. A change in treatment-seeking behaviour together with the wide availability of oral antibiotics is considered to be the most likely cause of the altered clinical syndrome that we have observed.
Combined Modality Therapy ; Humans ; Male ; Oxygen Inhalation Therapy ; Papua New Guinea/epidemiology ; Penicillins/therapeutic use ; Pneumonia/epidemiology ; Pneumonia/therapy ; Risk Factors ; Young Adult.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the changes in the pathogen spectrum and antimicrobial resistance over time in neonatal sepsis. METHODS: The medical data were collected from the neonates who were diagnosed with sepsis in the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University from January 2010 to December 2019. The incidence rate of sepsis, the pathogen spectrum, and the characteristics of antimicrobial resistance were analyzed. RESULTS: The incidence rate of neonatal sepsis was 4.02% (447/11 111). The top four pathogens detected were coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS), Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Candida. The incidence rate of sepsis and the pathogen spectrum showed no significant changes over time. Klebsiella pneumoniae was the most frequent pathogen in preterm infants, very low birth weight infants, and small-for-gestational-age infants, accounting for 33.9%, 29.5%, and 42.5%, respectively. CoNS, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli had a high resistance rate to penicillins and third-generation cephalosporins. CONCLUSIONS The incidence of neonatal sepsis is high, and the main pathogen is CoNS. The pathogens of neonatal sepsis have a high resistance rate to penicillins and third-generation cephalosporins. It is recommended to enhance the prevention and control of neonatal infection, strengthen the surveillance of pathogens, and further standardize the rational use of antibiotics.
Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Humans ; Neonatal Sepsis/etiology* ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use* ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Retrospective Studies ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Infant, Premature ; Sepsis/complications* ; Escherichia coli ; Cephalosporins ; Penicillins