1.Expression and function of LETM2 in esophageal squamous carcinoma
Xiaoling HU ; Yuanfang ZHAI ; Jie YANG ; Juan WANG ; Yanghui BI ; Bin YANG ; Caixia CHENG ; Bin SONG ; Ling ZHANG ; Pengzhou KONG
Chinese Journal of Clinical Oncology 2017;44(8):355-359
Objective:To analyze the expression of LETM2 in KYSE150 and ECA109 cell lines and its effect on the proliferation, migra-tion, and invasion of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Methods:The expression level of the LETM2 protein in 90 paired hu-man ESCC tissues and matched adjacent normal tissues was determined through immunohistochemistry. The expression level of LETM2 in ESCC cell lines was detected by real-time PCR and Western blot. The expression levels of LETM2 in KYSE150 and ECA109 cell lines were knocked down using lentivirus. MTT assays were performed to examine the effect of LETM2 on the proliferation of ESCC cells. Colony formation assay was used to detect the colony formation ability. Flow cytometry was performed to analyze the cell cycle. The effect of LETM2 depletion on the migration and invasion of ESCC cells was determined by Transwell assay. Results:LETM2 expres-sion was frequently upregulated in the ESCC tissues than in the adjacent normal tissues. The suppressed exogenous expression of LETM2 led to the inhibition of cell proliferation and colony formation. However, cell migration and invasion were not affected. The re-sults on the cell cycle distribution revealed that LETM2 knockdown acts as a negative regulator of the cell cycle at the G1 to S phase transition. Conclusion:LETM2 acts as a tumor-driven gene in the development and progression of ESCC. This finding suggests that LETM2 can be used as an efficient prognosis biomarker and a potential therapeutic target for ESCC.
2.Analysis of 15 183 Cases of ADR Caused by Antineoplastic Drugs
Wei KOU ; Daihong GUO ; Xiaoyan TIAN ; Wangping JIA ; Liang ZHAO ; Xiaoyu WANG ; Pengzhou HU
China Pharmacy 2018;29(4):508-511
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the characteristics and regularity of ADR induced by antineoplastic drugs and provide reference for safe drug use in clinic. METHODS: ADR reports induced by antineoplastic drugs reported by 108 hospitals during Jan. 2009-Dec. 2016 were collected from PLA ADR Monitoring Center. ADR reports were analyzed respectively in respects of types of ADR reports, patients ' gender and age, administration route, occurrence time, types of antineoplastic drug, the situation of patients suffering tumor, systems/organs involved in ADR, clinical manifestations, outcome, etc. RESULTS: Among 15 183 ADR reports, there were 462 cases of new ADR and 2 873 cases of severe ADR; there were 8 039 male (52. 95%) and 7 144 female (47. 05%). The proportion of severe ADR in female (20. 00%) was significantly higher than male (17. 96%), with statistical significance (P=0. 001). ADR was mainly induced by intravenous administration (90. 53%), and mainly occurred 2-<7 d after medication (23. 00%). Top 3 drug categories in the list of ADR were platinum antineoplastic drugs (25. 63%), plant-derived antineoplastic drugs and its derivative (24. 42%) and anti-metabolism drugs (18. 50%). Male patients mainly suffered from lung cancer, colorectal cancer and gastric cancer; female patients mainly suffered from breast cancer, lung cancer and colorectal cancer. Systems/organs involved in ADR were gastrointestinal system, hematological system and systemic damage. Main clinical manifestations were nausea, vomiting, myelosuppression, skin rash and fever. Totally 92. 57% of ADR cases were cured and recovered after treatment, and 5 cases died. CONCLUSIONS: Antineoplastic drugs have high incidence of ADR with serious damage. Clinic should strengthen the monitoring of key population and key drugs so as to reduce the occurrence of ADR.
3.Identification of Alumen and Ammonium alum Based on XRD, FTIR, TG-DTA Combined with Chemometrics
Bin WANG ; Jingwei ZHOU ; Huangsheng ZHANG ; Jian FENG ; Hanxi LI ; Guorong MEI ; Jiaquan JIANG ; Hongping CHEN ; Fu WANG ; Yuan HU ; Youping LIU ; Shilin CHEN ; Lin CHEN
Chinese Journal of Experimental Traditional Medical Formulae 2025;31(13):178-186
ObjectiveTo establish the multi-technique characteristic profiles of Alumen by X-ray diffraction(XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR) and thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis(TG-DTA), and to explore the spectral characteristics for rapid identification of Alumen and its potential adulterant, Ammonium alum. MethodsA total of 27 batches of Alumen samples from 8 production regions were collected for preliminary identification based on visual characteristics. The PDF standard cards of XRD were used to differentiate Alumen from A. alum, and the XRD characteristic profiles of Alumen were established, and then the common peaks were screened. Based on hierarchical clustering analysis(HCA) and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA), the characteristic information that could be used for identification of Alumen was selected with variable importance in the projection(VIP) value>1. FTIR characteristic profiles of Alumen were established, and key wavenumbers for identification were screened by HCA and OPLS-DA with VIP value>1. Meanwhile, the thermogravimetric differences between Alumen and A. alum were analyzed by TG-DTA, and the thermogravimetric traits that could be used for identification were screened. ResultsAlumen and A. alum could not be effectively distinguished by traits alone. However, by comparing the PDF standard cards of XRD, 15 batches of Alumen and 12 batches of A. alum could be distinguished. In the XRD profiles, 10 characteristic peaks were confirmed, corresponding to diffraction angles of 14.560°, 24.316°, 12.620°, 32.122°, 17.898°, 34.642°, 27.496°, 46.048°, 40.697° and 21.973°. In the FTIR profiles, 4 wavenumber ranges(399.193-403.050, 1 186.010-1 471.420, 1 801.190-2 620.790, 3 612.020-3 997.710 cm-1) and 12 characteristic wavenumbers(1 428.994, 1 430.922, 1 432.851, 1 434.779, 1 436.708, 1 438.636, 1 440.565, 1 442.493, 1 444.422, 1 446.350, 1 448.279, 1 450.207 cm-1) were identified. In the TG-DTA profiles, there were characteristic decomposition peaks of ammonium ion and mass reduction features near 555.34 ℃ for A. alum. These characteristics could serve as important criteria for distinguishing the authenticity of Alumen. ConclusionXRD, FTIR and TG-DTA can be used to rapidly detect Alumen and A. alum, and combined with the discriminant features selected through chemometrics, the rapid and accurate identification of Alumen and A. alum can be achieved. The research findings provide new approaches for the rapid identification of Alumen.
4.Optimization of Processing Technology of Calcined Pyritum Based on QbD Concept and Its XRD Fingerprint Analysis
Xin CHEN ; Jingwei ZHOU ; Haiying GOU ; Lei ZHONG ; Tianxing HE ; Wenbo FEI ; Jialiang ZOU ; Yue YANG ; Dewen ZENG ; Lin CHEN ; Hongping CHEN ; Shilin CHEN ; Yuan HU ; Youping LIU
Chinese Journal of Experimental Traditional Medical Formulae 2025;31(13):197-205
ObjectiveBased on the concept of quality by design(QbD), the processing process of calcined Pyritum was optimized, and its X-ray diffraction(XRD) fingerprint was established. MethodsThe safety, effectiveness and quality controllability of calcined Pyritum were taken as the quality profile(QTPP), the color, hardness, metallic luster, phase composition, the contents of heavy metals and hazardous elements were taken as the critical quality attributes(CQAs), and the calcination temperature, calcination time, paving thickness and particle size were determined as the critical process parameters(CPPs). Differential thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction(XRD) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS) were used to analyze the correlation between the calcination temperature and CQAs of calcined Pyritum. Then, based on the criteria importance through intercriteria correlation(CRITIC)-entropy weight method, the optimal processing process of calcined Pyritum was optimized by orthogonal test. Powder XRD was used to analyze the phase of calcined Pyritum samples processed according to the best process, and the mean and median maps of calcined Pyritum were established by the superposition of geometric topological figures, and similarity evaluation and cluster analysis were carried out. ResultsThe results of single factor experiments showed that the physical phase of Pyritum changed from FeS2 to Fe7S8 during the process of temperature increase, the color gradually deepened from dark yellow, and the contents of heavy metals and harmful elements decreased. The optimized processing process of calcined Pyritum was as follows:calcination temperature at 750 ℃, calcination time of 2.5 h, paving thickness of 3 cm, particle size of 0.8-1.2 cm, vinegar quenching 1 time[Pyritum-vinegar(10∶3)]. After calcination, the internal structure of Pyritum was honeycomb-shaped, which was conducive to the dissolution of active ingredients. XRD fingerprints of 13 batches of calcined Pyritum characterized by 10 common peaks were established. The similarities of the relative peak intensities of the XRD fingerprints of the analyzed samples were>0.96, and it could effectively distinguish the raw products and unqualified products. ConclusionTemperature is the main factor affecting the quality of calcined Pyritum. After processing, the dissolution of the effective components in Pyritum increases, and the contents of heavy metals and harmful substances decrease, reflecting the function of processing to increase efficiency and reduce toxicity. The optimized processing process is stable and feasible, and the established XRD fingerprint can be used as one of the quality control standards of calcined Pyritum.
5.Phase Change and Quantity-quality Transfer Analysis of Medicinal Materials, Decoction Pieces and Standard Decoction of Haliotidis Concha (Haliotis discus hannai)
Zhihan YANG ; Jingwei ZHOU ; Weichao WANG ; Yu HUANG ; Chuang LUO ; Lian YANG ; Chenyu ZHONG ; Hongping CHEN ; Fu WANG ; Yuan HU ; Youping LIU ; Shilin CHEN ; Lin CHEN
Chinese Journal of Experimental Traditional Medical Formulae 2025;31(13):206-214
ObjectiveTo explore the quantity-quality transfer process of medicinal materials, decoction pieces and standard decoction of Haliotidis Concha(Haliotis discus hannai) by analyzing the physical phase and compositional changes, so as to provide references for the effective control of its quality. MethodsA total of 20 batches of Haliotidis Concha(H. discus hannai) from different habitats were collected and prepared into corresponding calcined products and standard decoction, and the content of CaCO3 of the three samples were determined and the extract yield and transfer rate of CaCO3 were calculated. The changes in elemental composition and their relative contents were investigated by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry(XRF), X-ray diffraction(XRD) was used to study the changes in the phase compositions of the three samples and to establish their respective XRD specific chromatogram. Fourier transform infrared spectrometry(FTIR) was used to study the changes in the chemical composition and content changes of the three samples and to establish their respective FTIR specific chromatogram, while combining hierarchical cluster analysis(HCA), principal component analysis(PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA) to find the common and differential characteristics, in order to explore the quantity-quality transfer relationship in the preparation process of standard decoction of Haliotidis Concha(H. discus hannai). ResultsThe CaCO3 contents of the 20 batches of medicinal materials, decoction pieces and standard decoction of Haliotidis Concha(H. discus hannai) were 93.87%-98.95%, 96.02%-99.97% and 38.29%-51.96%, respectively, and the extract yield of standard decoction was 1.71%-2.37%, and the CaCO3 transfer rate of decoction pieces-standard decoction was 0.68%-1.27%. XRF results showed that the elemental species and their relative contents contained in Haliotidis Concha and its calcined products had a high degree of similarity, and although there was no obvious difference in the elemental species contained in decoction pieces and standard decoction, the difference in the relative contents was obvious, which was mainly reflected in the decrease of the relative content of element Ca and the increase of the relative content of element Na. XRD results showed that Haliotidis Concha mainly contained CaCO3 of aragonite and calcite, while calcined Haliotidis Concha only contained CaCO3 of calcite, and standard decoction mainly contained CaCO3 of calcite and Na2CO3 of natrite. FTIR results showed that there were internal vibrations of O-H, C-H, C=O, HCO3- and CO32- groups in Haliotidis Concha, while O-H, HCO3- and CO32- groups existed in the calcined products and standard decoction. ConclusionThe changes of Haliotidis Concha and calcined Haliotidis Concha are mainly the increase of CaCO3 content, the transformation of CaCO3 aragonite crystal form to calcite crystal form and the absence of organic components after calcination, and the changes of calcined products and standard decoction are mainly the decrease of CaCO3 content and the increase of Na2CO3 relative content. The method established in the study is applicable to the quality control of the shellfish medicines-decoction pieces- standard decoction, which provides a new idea for the study of quality control of dispensing granules of shellfish medicines.
6.Identification of Alumen and Ammonium alum Based on XRD, FTIR, TG-DTA Combined with Chemometrics
Bin WANG ; Jingwei ZHOU ; Huangsheng ZHANG ; Jian FENG ; Hanxi LI ; Guorong MEI ; Jiaquan JIANG ; Hongping CHEN ; Fu WANG ; Yuan HU ; Youping LIU ; Shilin CHEN ; Lin CHEN
Chinese Journal of Experimental Traditional Medical Formulae 2025;31(13):178-186
ObjectiveTo establish the multi-technique characteristic profiles of Alumen by X-ray diffraction(XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR) and thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis(TG-DTA), and to explore the spectral characteristics for rapid identification of Alumen and its potential adulterant, Ammonium alum. MethodsA total of 27 batches of Alumen samples from 8 production regions were collected for preliminary identification based on visual characteristics. The PDF standard cards of XRD were used to differentiate Alumen from A. alum, and the XRD characteristic profiles of Alumen were established, and then the common peaks were screened. Based on hierarchical clustering analysis(HCA) and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA), the characteristic information that could be used for identification of Alumen was selected with variable importance in the projection(VIP) value>1. FTIR characteristic profiles of Alumen were established, and key wavenumbers for identification were screened by HCA and OPLS-DA with VIP value>1. Meanwhile, the thermogravimetric differences between Alumen and A. alum were analyzed by TG-DTA, and the thermogravimetric traits that could be used for identification were screened. ResultsAlumen and A. alum could not be effectively distinguished by traits alone. However, by comparing the PDF standard cards of XRD, 15 batches of Alumen and 12 batches of A. alum could be distinguished. In the XRD profiles, 10 characteristic peaks were confirmed, corresponding to diffraction angles of 14.560°, 24.316°, 12.620°, 32.122°, 17.898°, 34.642°, 27.496°, 46.048°, 40.697° and 21.973°. In the FTIR profiles, 4 wavenumber ranges(399.193-403.050, 1 186.010-1 471.420, 1 801.190-2 620.790, 3 612.020-3 997.710 cm-1) and 12 characteristic wavenumbers(1 428.994, 1 430.922, 1 432.851, 1 434.779, 1 436.708, 1 438.636, 1 440.565, 1 442.493, 1 444.422, 1 446.350, 1 448.279, 1 450.207 cm-1) were identified. In the TG-DTA profiles, there were characteristic decomposition peaks of ammonium ion and mass reduction features near 555.34 ℃ for A. alum. These characteristics could serve as important criteria for distinguishing the authenticity of Alumen. ConclusionXRD, FTIR and TG-DTA can be used to rapidly detect Alumen and A. alum, and combined with the discriminant features selected through chemometrics, the rapid and accurate identification of Alumen and A. alum can be achieved. The research findings provide new approaches for the rapid identification of Alumen.
7.Optimization of Processing Technology of Calcined Pyritum Based on QbD Concept and Its XRD Fingerprint Analysis
Xin CHEN ; Jingwei ZHOU ; Haiying GOU ; Lei ZHONG ; Tianxing HE ; Wenbo FEI ; Jialiang ZOU ; Yue YANG ; Dewen ZENG ; Lin CHEN ; Hongping CHEN ; Shilin CHEN ; Yuan HU ; Youping LIU
Chinese Journal of Experimental Traditional Medical Formulae 2025;31(13):197-205
ObjectiveBased on the concept of quality by design(QbD), the processing process of calcined Pyritum was optimized, and its X-ray diffraction(XRD) fingerprint was established. MethodsThe safety, effectiveness and quality controllability of calcined Pyritum were taken as the quality profile(QTPP), the color, hardness, metallic luster, phase composition, the contents of heavy metals and hazardous elements were taken as the critical quality attributes(CQAs), and the calcination temperature, calcination time, paving thickness and particle size were determined as the critical process parameters(CPPs). Differential thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction(XRD) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS) were used to analyze the correlation between the calcination temperature and CQAs of calcined Pyritum. Then, based on the criteria importance through intercriteria correlation(CRITIC)-entropy weight method, the optimal processing process of calcined Pyritum was optimized by orthogonal test. Powder XRD was used to analyze the phase of calcined Pyritum samples processed according to the best process, and the mean and median maps of calcined Pyritum were established by the superposition of geometric topological figures, and similarity evaluation and cluster analysis were carried out. ResultsThe results of single factor experiments showed that the physical phase of Pyritum changed from FeS2 to Fe7S8 during the process of temperature increase, the color gradually deepened from dark yellow, and the contents of heavy metals and harmful elements decreased. The optimized processing process of calcined Pyritum was as follows:calcination temperature at 750 ℃, calcination time of 2.5 h, paving thickness of 3 cm, particle size of 0.8-1.2 cm, vinegar quenching 1 time[Pyritum-vinegar(10∶3)]. After calcination, the internal structure of Pyritum was honeycomb-shaped, which was conducive to the dissolution of active ingredients. XRD fingerprints of 13 batches of calcined Pyritum characterized by 10 common peaks were established. The similarities of the relative peak intensities of the XRD fingerprints of the analyzed samples were>0.96, and it could effectively distinguish the raw products and unqualified products. ConclusionTemperature is the main factor affecting the quality of calcined Pyritum. After processing, the dissolution of the effective components in Pyritum increases, and the contents of heavy metals and harmful substances decrease, reflecting the function of processing to increase efficiency and reduce toxicity. The optimized processing process is stable and feasible, and the established XRD fingerprint can be used as one of the quality control standards of calcined Pyritum.
8.Phase Change and Quantity-quality Transfer Analysis of Medicinal Materials, Decoction Pieces and Standard Decoction of Haliotidis Concha (Haliotis discus hannai)
Zhihan YANG ; Jingwei ZHOU ; Weichao WANG ; Yu HUANG ; Chuang LUO ; Lian YANG ; Chenyu ZHONG ; Hongping CHEN ; Fu WANG ; Yuan HU ; Youping LIU ; Shilin CHEN ; Lin CHEN
Chinese Journal of Experimental Traditional Medical Formulae 2025;31(13):206-214
ObjectiveTo explore the quantity-quality transfer process of medicinal materials, decoction pieces and standard decoction of Haliotidis Concha(Haliotis discus hannai) by analyzing the physical phase and compositional changes, so as to provide references for the effective control of its quality. MethodsA total of 20 batches of Haliotidis Concha(H. discus hannai) from different habitats were collected and prepared into corresponding calcined products and standard decoction, and the content of CaCO3 of the three samples were determined and the extract yield and transfer rate of CaCO3 were calculated. The changes in elemental composition and their relative contents were investigated by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry(XRF), X-ray diffraction(XRD) was used to study the changes in the phase compositions of the three samples and to establish their respective XRD specific chromatogram. Fourier transform infrared spectrometry(FTIR) was used to study the changes in the chemical composition and content changes of the three samples and to establish their respective FTIR specific chromatogram, while combining hierarchical cluster analysis(HCA), principal component analysis(PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA) to find the common and differential characteristics, in order to explore the quantity-quality transfer relationship in the preparation process of standard decoction of Haliotidis Concha(H. discus hannai). ResultsThe CaCO3 contents of the 20 batches of medicinal materials, decoction pieces and standard decoction of Haliotidis Concha(H. discus hannai) were 93.87%-98.95%, 96.02%-99.97% and 38.29%-51.96%, respectively, and the extract yield of standard decoction was 1.71%-2.37%, and the CaCO3 transfer rate of decoction pieces-standard decoction was 0.68%-1.27%. XRF results showed that the elemental species and their relative contents contained in Haliotidis Concha and its calcined products had a high degree of similarity, and although there was no obvious difference in the elemental species contained in decoction pieces and standard decoction, the difference in the relative contents was obvious, which was mainly reflected in the decrease of the relative content of element Ca and the increase of the relative content of element Na. XRD results showed that Haliotidis Concha mainly contained CaCO3 of aragonite and calcite, while calcined Haliotidis Concha only contained CaCO3 of calcite, and standard decoction mainly contained CaCO3 of calcite and Na2CO3 of natrite. FTIR results showed that there were internal vibrations of O-H, C-H, C=O, HCO3- and CO32- groups in Haliotidis Concha, while O-H, HCO3- and CO32- groups existed in the calcined products and standard decoction. ConclusionThe changes of Haliotidis Concha and calcined Haliotidis Concha are mainly the increase of CaCO3 content, the transformation of CaCO3 aragonite crystal form to calcite crystal form and the absence of organic components after calcination, and the changes of calcined products and standard decoction are mainly the decrease of CaCO3 content and the increase of Na2CO3 relative content. The method established in the study is applicable to the quality control of the shellfish medicines-decoction pieces- standard decoction, which provides a new idea for the study of quality control of dispensing granules of shellfish medicines.
9.Process Optimization and Health Risk Assessment of Calcined Haematitum Based on QbD Concept
Yue YANG ; Jingwei ZHOU ; Jialiang ZOU ; Guorong MEI ; Yifan SHI ; Lei ZHONG ; Jiaojiao WANG ; Xuelian GAN ; Dewen ZENG ; Xin CHEN ; Lin CHEN ; Hongping CHEN ; Shilin CHEN ; Yuan HU ; Youping LIU
Chinese Journal of Experimental Traditional Medical Formulae 2025;31(13):187-196
ObjectiveTo investigate the processing technology of calcined Haematitum based on the concept of quality by design(QbD) and to assess its health risk. MethodsTaking whole iron content, Fe2+ dissolution content and looseness as critical quality attributes(CQAs), and calcination temperature, calcination time, spreading thickness and particle size as critical process parameters(CPPs) determined by the failure mode and effect analysis(FMEA), the processing technology of calcined Haematitum was optimized by orthogonal test combined with analytic hierarchy process-criteria importance through intercriteria correlation(AHP-CRITIC) hybrid weighting method. The contents of heavy metals and harmful elements were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and the health risk assessment was carried out by daily exposure(EXP), target hazard quotient(THQ) and lifetime cancer risk(LCR), and the theoretical value of the maximum limit was deduced. ResultsThe optimal processing technology for calcined Haematitum was calcination at 650 ℃, calcination time of 1 h, particle size of 0.2-0.5 cm, spreading thickness of 1 cm, and vinegar quenching for 1 time[Haematitum-vinegar(10:3)]. The contents of 5 heavy metals and harmful elements in 13 batches of calcined Haematitum were all decreased with reductions of up to 5-fold. The cumulative THQ of 2 batches of samples was>1, while the cumulative THQ of all batches of Haematitum was>1. The LCR of As in 1 batches of Haematitum was 1×10-6-1×10-4, and the LCR of the rest was<1×10-6, and the LCRs of calcined Haematitum were all<1×10-6, indicating that the carcinogenic risk of calcined Haematitum was low, but special attention should still be paid to Haematitum medicinal materials. Preliminary theoretical values of the maximum limits of Cu, As, Cd, Pb and Hg were formulated as 1 014, 25, 17, 27, 7 mg·kg-1. ConclusionThe optimized processing technology of calcined Haematitum is stable and feasible, and the contents of heavy metals and harmful elements are reduced after processing. Preliminary theoretical values of the maximum limits of Cu, As, Cd, Pb and Hg are formulated to provide a scientific basis for the formulation of standards for the limits of harmful elements in Haematitum.
10.Process Optimization and Health Risk Assessment of Calcined Haematitum Based on QbD Concept
Yue YANG ; Jingwei ZHOU ; Jialiang ZOU ; Guorong MEI ; Yifan SHI ; Lei ZHONG ; Jiaojiao WANG ; Xuelian GAN ; Dewen ZENG ; Xin CHEN ; Lin CHEN ; Hongping CHEN ; Shilin CHEN ; Yuan HU ; Youping LIU
Chinese Journal of Experimental Traditional Medical Formulae 2025;31(13):187-196
ObjectiveTo investigate the processing technology of calcined Haematitum based on the concept of quality by design(QbD) and to assess its health risk. MethodsTaking whole iron content, Fe2+ dissolution content and looseness as critical quality attributes(CQAs), and calcination temperature, calcination time, spreading thickness and particle size as critical process parameters(CPPs) determined by the failure mode and effect analysis(FMEA), the processing technology of calcined Haematitum was optimized by orthogonal test combined with analytic hierarchy process-criteria importance through intercriteria correlation(AHP-CRITIC) hybrid weighting method. The contents of heavy metals and harmful elements were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and the health risk assessment was carried out by daily exposure(EXP), target hazard quotient(THQ) and lifetime cancer risk(LCR), and the theoretical value of the maximum limit was deduced. ResultsThe optimal processing technology for calcined Haematitum was calcination at 650 ℃, calcination time of 1 h, particle size of 0.2-0.5 cm, spreading thickness of 1 cm, and vinegar quenching for 1 time[Haematitum-vinegar(10:3)]. The contents of 5 heavy metals and harmful elements in 13 batches of calcined Haematitum were all decreased with reductions of up to 5-fold. The cumulative THQ of 2 batches of samples was>1, while the cumulative THQ of all batches of Haematitum was>1. The LCR of As in 1 batches of Haematitum was 1×10-6-1×10-4, and the LCR of the rest was<1×10-6, and the LCRs of calcined Haematitum were all<1×10-6, indicating that the carcinogenic risk of calcined Haematitum was low, but special attention should still be paid to Haematitum medicinal materials. Preliminary theoretical values of the maximum limits of Cu, As, Cd, Pb and Hg were formulated as 1 014, 25, 17, 27, 7 mg·kg-1. ConclusionThe optimized processing technology of calcined Haematitum is stable and feasible, and the contents of heavy metals and harmful elements are reduced after processing. Preliminary theoretical values of the maximum limits of Cu, As, Cd, Pb and Hg are formulated to provide a scientific basis for the formulation of standards for the limits of harmful elements in Haematitum.