Metagenomics ( metagenome) obtained all the microorganisms genome in specific biological environment from DNA samples directly from soil, water and skin, body cavity of human and animals.The metagenomic library was constructed by cloning them into alternative host cells using the vector, which is a discipline of screening new active substances and new genes by high-throughput sequencing.Therefore,using metagenomics not only can effectively detect the composition of microbial community of specific environment,but also greatly expanded the utilize the space of the microbial resources, developed of the next sequencing, enriched the content of bioinformatics. Based on the advantages of metagenomics,we summarized the major advances of metagenomics in human and animal pathogenic microorganisms in recent years,which might be used for the investigation and analysis of microbial pathogens of laboratory animal, animal epidemic monitoring and diagnosis of biological safety.

Objective:To explore the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on the aerobic capacity of middle-aged and elderly patients with type 2 diabetes.Methods:A total of 95 patients with type 2 diabetes (aged 45 to 70 years) were randomly divided into an HIIT group ( n=35), an MICT group ( n=35) and a sedentary control group (CON group) ( n=25). All of the subjects maintained their daily habits, but the HIIT and MICT groups performed their corresponding exercise using a bicycle ergometer 4 times/week for 8 weeks. Before and after the 8 weeks, each subject′s maximum oxygen uptake (VO 2max) was measured using a graded exercise test. Results:Eighty-three of the subjects (87.4%) completed the study. The follow-up loss rate in the HIIT group was 13% and in the MICT group it was 14%. After the intervention, the average VO 2max had increased by (11.5±2.3)% in the HIIT group and (8.1±1.9)% in the MICT group, a difference which is not significant. Conclusion:Either HIIT or MICT is feasible, well tolerated, safe and effective for improving the aerobic capacity of middle-aged and elderly patients with type 2 diabetes.

Objective:To compare the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on the abdominal visceral fat of obese women.Methods:Sixty-eight obese female college students were randomly divided into an HIIT group ( n=23), an MICT group ( n=22) and a control group ( n=23). The control group was not given any training intervention. The MICT group performed continuous exercise at an intensity of 60% of each person′s maximum oxygen uptake (VO 2max) until 300kJ of work had been performed. Those in the HIIT group performed repeated 4-minute bouts of cycling at 90% of their VO 2max with 3-minute intervals until 300kJ of work had been performed. The interventions lasted 12 weeks. The subjects′ visceral fat (AVFA) and abdominal subcutaneous fat (ASFA) were measured using computed tomography. Whole-body fat mass (FM) and FM in the android, gynoid and trunk regions were detected using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry before and 48 hours after the final session. Results:After the intervention, the average AVFA, ASFA, percentage of fat mass (FM%), whole-body FM, and FM in the abdominal, gluteo-femoral and trunk regions of the HIIT group and MICT group were significantly lower than before the intervention, but there was no significant difference between them. No significant differences were observed in any of the control group′s indexes.Conclusions:Both HIIT and MICT can reduce the abdominal visceral fat of obese female college students, and the effects of the two exercise modes are equivalent.

Hypopituitarism after traumatic brain injury (TBI) may result in non-specific neuropsychiatric symptoms,which is commonly occurred in patients suffering from severe traumatic injury,chronic repetitive brain injury,and patients administrated with pain-killer and complicated with subarachnoid hemorrhage,skull base fracture and cerebral hemia.The conceivable pathogenesis of hypopituitarism includes vascular hypothesis,ischemic/anoxia injury,genetic predisposition,autoimmunity and inflammatory response.Detection of basal hormone level or test of hormone stimulation is conducive to the diagnosis of hypopituitarism.Patients with secondary adrenal insufficiency should be given hormone replacement therapy.

Objective:To observe the changes of blood cell count, and levels of hormone, glucose, and electrolytes at adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and thyrotropic hormone (TSH) axes in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) at early stage, and explore the correlations among these indicators.Methods:Prospective selection of 93 patients with TBI (TBI group), admitted to our hospital from March 2018 to July 2019, and 18 health subjects accepted physical examination (control group) during the same period was performed. TBI patients were divided into mild, moderate, and severe subgroups according to Glasgow coma scale (GCS) scores at admission. The changes of blood cell count, and levels of hormone, glucose, and electrolytes of these TBI patients and the control subjects were detected on the 2 nd, 8 th, and 15 th d of TBI. Results:(1) The cortisol (COR) level in TBI group was significantly higher than that in control group on the 2 nd and 8 th d of TBI (P<0.05); COR level in TBI group was decreased on the 2 nd, 8 th, and 15 th d of TBI, successively. TSH level in the TBI group was significantly lower than that in control group on the 2 nd d of TBI; TSH level in patients from the TBI group on the 8 th and 15 th d of TBI was significantly higher than that on the 2 nd d of TBI (P<0.05). Triiodothyronine (T3) level in the control group, and mild, moderate, and severe TBI subgroups decreased successively on the 2 nd d of TBI; and T3 level in TBI group was significantly lower than that in the control group on the 8 th and 15 th d of TBI; T3 level in the TBI group on the 15 th d of TBI was significantly higher than that on the 2 nd and 8 th d of TBI (P<0.05). Tetraiodothyronine (T4) level in the control group, and mild, moderate, and severe TBI subgroups decreased successively on the 2 nd d of TBI; and T4 level in the control group was significantly higher than that in the mild and severe TBI subgroups on the 8 th d of TBI(P<0.05); patients in the severe TBI subgroup had increased T4 level successively on the 2 nd, 8 th, and 15 th d of TBI. Free triiodinated thyroxine (FT3) level in the control group, and mild, moderate and severe TBI subgroups decreased successively on the 2 nd d of TBI; and FT3 level in the TBI group was significantly lower than that in the control group on the 8 th and 15 th d of TBI; FT3 level in TBI group on the 15 th d of TBI was significantly higher than that on the 2 nd and 8 th d of TBI (P<0.05). Free tetraiodothyronine (FT4) level in the control group and moderate TBI subgroup was significantly higher than that in the mild and severe TBI subgroups on the 2 nd and 8 th d of TBI (P<0.05). (2) The white blood cell (WBC) count of the TBI group was significantly higher than that of the control group on the 2 nd d of TBI (P<0.05); the WBC count in the moderate TBI subgroup, severe TBI subgroup, mild TBI subgroup and control group decreased, successively, on the 8 th d of TBI; the WBC count in the severe TBI subgroup, mild TBI subgroup, moderate TBI subgroup and control group decreased, successively, on the 15 th d of TBI; the WBC count in the patients of mild TBI subgroup on the 8 th and 15 th d of TBI was significantly lower than that on the 2 nd d of TBI, and that in patients of moderate and severe TBI subgroups on the 15 th d of TBI was significantly lower than that on the 2 nd and 8 th d of TBI (P<0.05). The red blood cell (RBC) count in the mild, moderate, and severe TBI subgroups, and control group were increased, successively, on the 2 nd, 8 th, and 15 th d of TBI. The platelet (PLT) count in the TBI group was significantly lower than that in the control group on the 2 nd d of TBI, and the PLT count in the mild and moderate TBI subgroups, and control group was significantly lower than that in the severe TBI subgroup on the 15 th d of TBI (P<0.05); the PLT count in the TBI group increased successively on the 2 nd, 8 th, and 15 th d of TBI. The blood glucose level in the control group, and mild, moderate and severe TBI subgroups increased, successively, on the 2 nd d of TBI, and the blood glucose in the severe TBI subgroup was statistically higher than that in the control group on the 8 th d of TBI; the blood glucose level in the TBI subgroup decreased, successively, on the 2 nd, 8 th, and 15 th d of TBI. Potassium level in the mild, moderate and severe TBI subgroups was significantly higher than that in the control group on the 15 th d of TBI; significantly higher potassium level on the 8 th and 15 th d of TBI was noted than that on the 2 nd d of TBI in patients from the moderate and severe TBI subgroups (P<0.05). The sodium content in the severe TBI subgroup was significantly higher than that in the mild and moderate TBI subgroups and control group on the 2 nd d of TBI; the sodium content in the severe TBI subgroup was statistically lower than that in the control group on the 15 th d of TBI (P<0.05). In patients from the severe TBI group, the sodium and chlorine contents on the 8 th and 15 th d of TBI were significantly lower than those on the 2 nd d of TBI. The blood calcium content in the moderate TBI subgroup and control group was significantly higher than that in the mild and severe TBI subgroups on the 2 nd d of TBI, and the calcium content in the severe TBI subgroup was significantly lower than that in the control group on the 15 th d of TBI; calcium content in the mild and severe TBI subgroups on the 8 th and 15 th d of TBI was significantly higher than that on the 2 nd d of TBI ( P<0.05). (3) In TBI patients, WBC count and blood glucose level were positively correlated with COR, and negatively correlated with TSH, T3 and FT3 levels ( P<0.05). RBC count was negatively correlated with TSH level, and positively correlated with FT4 level ( P<0.05). PLT count was negatively correlated with COR and positively correlated with ACTH, TSH, T3, T4 and FT3 levels ( P<0.05). Potassium was positively correlated with TSH, T3, T4, FT3 levels, and negatively correlated with COR ( P<0.05). Sodium was negatively correlated with TSH, T4, FT3 and FT4 levels, and positively correlated with COR ( P<0.05). Chlorine was negatively correlated with COR, TSH, T4, FT3 and FT4 levels ( P<0.05). Calcium was positively correlated with T3, T4, FT3 and FT4 levels ( P<0.05). Conclusions:The more severe the injury of TBI patients, the more significant the decline of T3, FT3, and FT4 levels and RBC count, and the more significant the increase of WBC count and glucose level. Most of them gradually returns to normal within one-2 weeks of injury. It is recommended to evaluate ACTH axis and TSH axis functions when blood cell count, glucose, and electrolytes are abnormal after TBI.

Objective:To observe the effect of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy on the pituitary function of patients with subacute traumatic brain injury.Methods:Sixty-six patients with subacute traumatic brain injury and hypopituitarism were randomly divided into a control group ( n=33) and an HBO group ( n=33). Patients in both groups were given conventional treatment including dehydration to reduce intracranial pressure, anti-infection medication, epilepsy and bed sores prevention measures, neurotrophic treatment, fluid replacement and rehabilitation. The HBO group was additionally given HBO at 0.2MPa (2.0ATA), once a day, 6 times a week for a total of 20 administrations. Before and after the treatment, serum adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), growth hormone (GH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), prolactin (PRL), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), cortisol, insulin-like growth factor 1, free tetraiodothyronine, testosterone, and estradiol levels were detected using chemical immunoluminescence. The ACTH, GH, TSH, PRL, LH and FSH values were used to calculate general pituitary hormone scores. Results:After the treatment, the average PRL, LH and testosterone levels and the general pituitary hormone score in the HBO group were significantly higher than among the controls.Conclusions:HBO treatment can increase the levels of various hormones in patients with subacute traumatic brain injury and promote the recovery of pituitary function.