Objective　To study the effects of hypoxia and glutamic acid on the kinetic properties of NMDA receptor channel of the hypothalamic neurons in rats. Methods　Cell-attached mode patch clamp technique was employed to record the single channel current of the NMDA receptor. Results　The open probability of NMDA receptor channel was increased after acute hypoxia compared with that of normal state, the open time τ1,τ2 was changed from (0.33±0.10)ms，(4.36±0.26)ms to (0.93±0.22)ms，(7.64±0.72)ms, and the close time τ1,τ2 was from (18.03±3.50)ms，(171.50±19.10)ms to (3.42±1.02)ms，(19.39±3.07)ms. The mean open probability was changed from 0.12±0.05 in normal state to 0.66±0.36 in hypoxia state. Furthermore, glutamic acid can increase open time and open probability of NMDA receptor channel,decrease close time. Conclusion　The excitability and the open probability of NMDA receptor channel of hypothalamic neurons increased by hypoxia is related to glutamate.

Objective To observe the postnatal development and perinatal electrophysiological characteristics of oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) in rats. Methods Immunohistochemistry and Western blot were applied to determine the expression of NG2 OPC in cerebral cortex and hippocampus at various developmental stages of SD rats. Electrophysiological characteristics of OPC were also recorded in slices of 7-day rats. Results The majority of hippocampal and cerebral OPC exhibited stellate shape,a small cell body with a few processus. Total population of the NG2 immunopositive OPC was numerous at P7d in cerebral cortex and hippocampus. OPC expressed in adult rats with slightly more quantity. Moreover,OPC in hippocampus of P7d rats typically exhibited small inward sodium current and weak active responses,whereas only outward potassium current and inactive responses were recorded in white matter OPC of P7d rats. Conclusion Total population of OPC and relative optical density of NG2 are the highest in P7d rats at the postnatal developmental stages. OPC in cerebrum and hippocampus of P7d rats displays electrophysiological heterogeneity.

Objective To investigate the change of P2X7 receptor expression in neonatal rats after hypoxic-ischemic brain damage(HIBD).Methods Twenty SD rats were randomized into 2 groups,control group and hypoxic-ischemic(HI) group.Western blotting and immunohistochemistry was used to detect the protein expression of P2X7 receptor in cerebal cortex,subcortical white matter and hippocampus before and after hypoxia-ischemia.Results In comparison to the sham operation controls,a significant down-regulation of the P2X7 receptor protein was observed in ischemic cerebral cortex,subcortical white matter(P

Objective To develop new methods to cultivate, retrieve and purify oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs). Methods Primary OPCs were isolated from mixed glial cultures of newborn Sprague Dawley rat forebrains by using a selective detachment procedure, further purified by differential adhesion, and maintained in a chemical conditioned medium. The characteristic of OPCs was determined by both electrophysiological recording and immunostaining. Results Immunocytochemical analysis revealed that more than 90% of the isolated cells expressed the OPCs-specific marker NG2. OPCs exhibited a moderate input resistance, delayed rectifier K+ currents (IK) that could be antagonized partly by TEA-Cl and CsCl, small tetrodotoxin (TTX) sensitive Na+ currents that failed to generate typical action potentials. Conclusion Isolation and purification by selective detachment and differential adhesion procedure are effective to obtain highly purified OPCs. OPCs, distinct from neuron, astrocyte, oligodendrocyte or microglia, possess unique physiological properties.

Objective To observe the electrophysiological characteristics of the inward current of cardiomyocyte-like cells derived from rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Methods Bone marrow specimens was extracted from SD rats aged 1 month. MSCs were isolated by gradient centrifugation and obtained by adherence culture. The second-passage MSCs were treated with 10 ?mol/L 5-azacytidine and incubated for 24 h. After 4 weeks, cardiomyocyte-like cells were identified by immunocytochemical staining technique, then used to detect the inward current with the whole-cell patch-clamp technique, which results were compared with the normal cardiomyocytes and the MSCs without induction. Results Some cardiomyocyte-like cells were stained positive for troponin T, and the quickly activated and inactivated inward currents were elicited 4 weeks after 5-aza cytidine treatment. The inward currents of cardiomyocyte-like cells recorded in the same square pulse were weaker than that of the normal cardiomyocytes, and the I-V curve of cardiomyocyte-like cells was right-shifted. Conclusion After treated with 5-azacytidine, MSCs differentiate into cardiomyocyte-like cells which express the excitable inward current.

Objective To investigate the modulatory effect of orexin A on glutamate receptor-mediated current in the freshly isolated pyramidal neurons from the rat prefrontal cortex (PFC). Methods Deep layer (Ⅴ-Ⅵ) prefrontal cortical pyramidal neurons from postnatal 10 to 14 day-old Wistar rats were acutely dissociated by a combination of mechanical and enzymatic method. Subsequently, the effect of orexin A on the current induced by glutamate was studied by the technique of whole cell patch clamp. Results Both orexin A and glutamate dose-dependently evoked the inward transmembrane current. The current was evoked by 1 mmol/L glutamate as a control group(100%). After treatment with 1 mmol/L orexin A for 4-10 s, 1 mmol/L glutamate induced-current was increased by (46.59?15.19)% (n=8, P

Objective To study the role of cover-stent and embolization in the treatment of hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm following liver transplantation.Methods 5 patients with hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm after liver transplantation were treated with cover-stent and embolization between May 2010 and July 2013.The clinical features,imaging findings and complications were reviewed.Results All the 5 patients with hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm were successfully treated.2 patients with intrahepatic pseudoaneurysm received embolization.Of the 3 patients with extrahepatic pseudoaneurysm,2 received cover-stent treatment,and 1 patient received embolization.No complications related to the interventional treatment were encountered.2 patients died from multi-organ failure one month after the interventional treatment.Conclusion Cover-stent and embolization were effective and safe to treat patients with hepatic artery pseudoneurysm following liver transplantations.

Neurobiology is to study the structure,function,development and regeneration of the nervous system at molecular,cellular and whole level.The objective of neurobiological teaching is to explore the importont and difficult points in teaching' the present article attempts to design a project pattern in practical course of neurobiology,which is suited to learning mode of medical college students.

Objective Watanabe Heritable Hyperlipidaemic (WHHL) rabbits with low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLr) gene mutation have provided unprecedented opportunities for the study of human atherosclerosis, in order to confirm LDL receptor gene status in rabbits, we developed a simple PCR technique to detect LDL mutations in rabbits. Methods Rabbits genomic DNA were extracted from ear biopsy, and amplified by PCR to detect 12 bp deletion mutation in WHHL rabbits. PCR products were directly digested with BglⅠ, and then applied to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Results PCR products from homozygous LDLr +/+ rabbits generated 2 bands of 212 and 94 bp after BglⅠ digestion, LDLr +/- rabbits generated 3 bands (294, 212, and 94 bp), LDLr -/- animals, however, generated only 1 product (294 bp). Conclusion This modified PCR method is simple and reliable.

Objective To observe the localization of NG2 positive cells and morphological character in the brain of adult rats. Methods Immunohistochemical method was applied to determine the expression of NG2 positive cells in the cerebrum cortex, hippocampus, dentate gyrus, thalamencephalon and hypothalamus of adult rats. Image analysis program Image Pro Plus 5.0 was used to count the positive cells and for statistic analysis. Results NG2 positive cells were strongly expressed in multiple brain regions of adult rats, of which strongest signals were centralized in gray and white matter of cerebral cortex, hippocampus, dentate gyrus, thalamic subventricular zone and hypothalamic periventricular region. The NG2 positive cells were seen with abundant process arborization which bifurcated two or more times. The soma of NG2 positive cell displays a star-like morphology with different shapes in the gray and white matter of cerebrum cortex. Conclusion NG2 positive cells are numerous in adult rat brain and display the special glial with a stellate morphology.