Calcineurin (CaN) serves as a key enzyme in human immune regulation. The most important target of this enzyme is the transcription factors of nuclear factors of activated T cells (NFATc). The discovery of the immunosuppressive function of CaN inhibitors (CNIs),ciclosporin A (CsA) and tacrolimus (FK506),has helped overcome the immune rejection of organ transplantion and changed organ transplantion fundamentally. Both of these drugs are still widely used in clinical and basic research,but their therapeutic effects are limited by their serious side effects,including renal tox?icity and neurotoxicity. Therefore,the development of new CNIs with higher specificity and fewer side effects in the clinic is a focus of research. In this paper,the newly discovered and synthesized CNIs in recent decades,including the CsA and FK506 derivatives,direct inhibitors of CaN,as well as the inhibitors that specifically interfere with CaN-NFATc interaction,were summarized.

Calcineurin inhibitors,such as cyclosporin A and tacroli mus,are widely-used i mmuno-suppressive drugs clinically.However,renal toxicity,hyperglycae mia and other side-effects can occur over long-term use.Isolation of novel calcineurin inhibitors fro m medicinal plants in recent years has pro-vided a new approach to the development of new immunosuppressive drugs with high efficiency and low toxicity.Recnt studies have shown that medicinal plant extracts, such as isogarcinol, quercetin, kae mpferol,phenylethanoid glycosides,ere mophilane sesquiterpenes A and B,pisiferdiol,as well as extracts fro m Smilax china L and Jasminum humile L,have obvious inhibitory effect on calcineurin.

Objective To compare wedge biopsy and disposable automatic biopsy gun biopsy for the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. Methods The clinical data of 217 patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer undergoing palliative operation and biopsy were retrospectively analyzed in our hospital from March 25,2006 to March 25,2011.Group A(wedge biopsy) consisted of 120 cases and B( disposable automated biopsy gun biopsy) of 97 cases.The success rate of biopsy,the positive rate of biopsy,the accuracy of diagnosis and the incidence of postoperative complications were calculated. Results The success rate,positive rate,diagnostic accuracy and the incidence of postoperative hemorrhage of group A and B were 100％,97.5％,97.5％,1.7％ and 100％,99％,99％,1.0％,respectively ( all P ＞ 0.05 ).The incidence of postoperative pancreatic leakage in group A and B were 11.7％ and 2.1％ (P =0.007 ).Conclusions Intra-operative biopsy for the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer using disposable automated biopsy gun biopsy has significantly decreased the incidence of post-biopsy pancreatic leakage as compared with wedge biopsy.

BACKGROUND:Kinesin II family member 3A (KIF3A), as an important member of the kinesin-2 family, not only holds some general characters of kinesin including the regulation of intracel ular transport and mediation of microtubule movement, but also possesses its own specific features.
OBJECTIVE:To review the research progress of the function of KIF3A recently.
METHODS:A computer-based online research for relative literatures published from January 1996 to July 2016 was performed in PubMed and CJFD databases using the English retrieval words of“KIF3A;kinesin;molecular motor”and Chinese keywords of“kinesin;microtubule;function;molecular motor;spinal cord injury”, respectively. A total of 92 articles were retrieved, and 62 eligible articles were included according to the inclusion criteria.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:KIF3A is involved in new bone formation regulation, in the control of nephron number, cell survival and gene expression, in sperm formation and in the inhibition of prostate cancer and glioblastoma process:In the meanwhile, whether KIF3A is involved in spinal nerve injuries is discussed. All provide valuable new information and new ideas for further in-depth study on the KIF3A.

Minocycline is the second generation semisynthetic tetracycline antibiotics.A variety of animal models and clinical trials have shown that it has neuroprotective effect.Its mechanism is associated with inhibiting apoptosis, alleviating inflammatory reaction, reducing infarct volume, and alleviating vascular injury.This article reviews the neuroprotective effect of minocycline in preclinical phase and early clinical trials of acute ischemic stroke.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the clinical characteristics,treatment and prognosis of laryngotracheal stenosis due to relapsing polychondritis (RP).METHODS The clinical data of 6 patients with laryngotracheal stenosis due to RP were reviewed retrospectively.RESULTS From 1996 to 2006,6 patients with laryngotracheal stenosis due to RP were managed in our hospital.Respiratory tract lesions were diffuse and extensive.Of them,4 patients accepted laryngotracheal reconstruction using surgical flaps with or without pedicle,2 accepted dilation of trachea in thoracic segments.Five patients were cured without recurrence.CONCLUSION Treatment of laryngotracheal stenosis due to RP is very difficult.If the surgical opportunity and methods were selected correctly according to each patient,good results can also be obtained.

Objective To investigate the effect of inhibiting Mcl-1 gene expression on the biological behavior of gas-tric cancer cell MGC-803 by using a small interference RNA (siRNA). Methods Synthesized siRNA targeting Mcl-1(Mcl-1 siRNA group) was transfected into MGC-803 cells. On the other hand, MGC-803 cells transfected with negative siRNA (Mcl-1siRNA-NC group), MGC-803 cells transfected with Lipofectamine 2000(liposomes control group)and vacant MGC-803 cells(blank control group)were used as controls. Proliferation of MGC-803 cells after transfection of Mcl-1 siRNA was investigated by MTT assay. After 48 h transfection of Mcl-1 siRNA, flow cytometry (FCM) was used to examine the apoptosis cells and cell cycle in all four groups. Polycarbonate membrane transwell chamber was used for evaluating the invasion and migration of the cell line. Results The absorbance of MGC-803 cells decreased greatly after transfected with Mcl-1siRNA for 24、48 and 72 h compared to those in control groups (P＜0.05);After transfected 48 h, apoptosis rate in Mcl-1siRNA group was higher than in the blank control group, liposomes control group and Mcl-1siRNA-NC group (%:19.61 ± 1.66 vs 3.69±0.37 vs 3.54±0.47 vs 3.68±0.55,F=12.230, P＜0.05),G0/G1 [(41.03±1.86)%] and G2/M phase ratio [(1.80± 0.46)%] in Mcl-1 siRNA group were lower than in the three control groups, S phase ratio [(57.17±1.72)%] in siRNA group was higher than in three control groups (P＜0.05). The number of transmembrane cells in Mcl-1 siRNA group in polycarbonate mem-brane transwell chamber experiment (42.00 ± 4.00,76.33 ± 3.51 respectively) were less than in blank control group (79.33 ± 3.51,108.00 ± 3.61 respectively), liposome control group (74.67 ± 2.52,110.67 ± 4.04 respectively) and negative control group (77.33 ± 3.06,109.33 ± 4.51 respectively). However, there was no significant difference in above index among the control groups. Conclusion Inhibitiing Mcl-1 expression can effectively suppress growth, invasion and migration, but promote apoptosis in gastric cancer cells.

Objective To detect the expression of Mcl-1 gene in gastric cancer cell lines SGC7901 and MGC-803, and to screen the most effective Mcl-1-targeted siRNA sequence. Methods Mcl-1 expression was evaluated in human gastric cancer cell lines SGC7901 and MGC-803 by RT-PCR. Four segments of siRNAs (siRNA1, siRNA2, siRNA3 and siRNA4) targeting Mcl-1 mRNA and a no-sense control segment were designed by bioinformatic technology . Mcl-1 specific siRNAs were transfected transiently into SGC7901 and MGC-803 cells by using lipofectamine 2000 . After transfected 24 , 48 and 72 h , quantitative real-time PCR was applied to detect the mRNA expression of Mcl-1 and western-blot analysis was applied to detect the protein expression. Results Mcl-1 gene was expressed in both SGC7901 and MGC-803 cells. Overall, siRNA1 exhibited the best inhibitory effect after being transfected for 48h. The inhibition rate of mRNA level in SGC7901 group and MGC-803 group was 73.8%and 67.6%, and the inhibition rate of protein level in SGC7901 group and MGC-803 group was 79.3%and 96.1%. Conclusion Mcl-1 specific siRNA sequences were successfully designed, and siRNA1 was selected as the most effective sequence, which can simultanandeously inhibit the expression of Mcl-1 in GC7901 and MGC-803 cells.

ObjectiveTo investigate the clinical efficacy of gentle moxibustion in treating old interphalangeal collateral ligament injury.MethodSixty patients were randomly allocated to two groups. The treatment group of 30 patients received gentle moxibustion 20-30 min once daily for two consecutive courses of treatment. The control group of 30 patients received TDP irradiation 20-30 min once daily for two consecutive courses of treatment.ResultThe excellent rate and the total excellent rate were 56.7% and 83.3%, respectively, in the treatment group and 36.7% and 76.7%, respectively, in the control group; there were statistically significant differences between the two groups (P<0.01).ConclusionGentle moxibustion has a marked therapeutic effect on old interphalangeal collateral ligament injury.

Objective To investigate the effect of hepatopoietin Cn(HPPCn) on liver stem cells.Methods In this study, WB-F344 cell line was used, and MTT and flow cytometry assay were conducted to determine cell proliferation and apoptosis.Transwell assay was used to test the migration of WB-F344 cells.A 2AAF-partial hepatectomy(PH) mouse model was used to observe the effect of HPPCn on liver stem cell proliferation in vivo.Results HPPCn enhanced WB-F344 cell proliferation and migration and activated the SphK1, Erk and Stat3 signal pathways.The analysis of the 2AAF-PH mouse model showed that oval cells in the experimental group far outnumbered those in control and the regeneration of the liver was improved post PH.Conclusion HPPCn can increase the liver stem cell proliferation and survival while promoting the regenenation of the liver by augmenting oval cell proliferation.