Gastric cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors of the digestive system， with a high incidence， a low overall survival rate， and poor prognosis after treatment. It has become a major public health problem that threatens the lives and health of people. Since the pathogenesis of gastric cancer is still not fully unraveled， it is difficult to implement primary prevention. Therefore， the research on secondary prevention of gastric cancer， i.e.， precancerous lesions of gastric cancer， is extremely important and has become the focus of many researchers. Precancerous lesions of gastric cancer are the key pathological links in the transformation of inflammatory lesions of gastric mucosa into gastric cancer， including chronic atrophic gastritis， intestinal metaplasia， and dysplasia. Relevant studies have confirmed that with the aggravation of gastric mucosal lesions， the incidence and risk of gastric cancer also increase. Therefore， early diagnosis and effective intervention in the pathological link of gastric precancerous lesions is a key measure to prevent and reduce the incidence of gastric cancer， with great significance. More studies have shown that traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） can truncate and reverse the pathological grading of gastric mucosa， and can also effectively improve the clinical symptoms and quality of life of patients， with few adverse reactions and low recurrence rate， which has unique advantages and characteristics. The theory of ''pathogen invading nutrient and blood aspects'' was first proposed by WU Youxing， a febrile disease doctor， in Treatise on Pestilence （《温疫论》）. It was originally used for the treatment of syndrome changes in the late stage of febrile epidemics， but after being enriched and developed by different doctors， it is now mostly used to guide the treatment of various chronic diseases. Precancerous lesions of gastric cancer are a common and difficult disease in clinical practice. Its evolution process is characterized by asthenia in origin and sthenia in superficiality and deficiency-excess in complexity， which is consistent with the core pathogenesis of ''pathogen invading nutrient and blood aspects''， namely， positive deficiency and intruding pathogen， and intruding pathogen cementation in the blood vessels. They are also interlinked in terms of treatment principles. Therefore， with the theory of ''pathogen invading nutrient and blood aspects'' as the breakthrough point， this article expounded the intervention effect of TCM on precancerous lesions of gastric cancer from the perspective of this theory， reflecting its important guidance and application value and providing new ideas for clinical treatment of diseases.

The angiogenic microenvironment is a new blood vessel with different molecular and functional characteristics that sprouts on the original blood vessels through different mechanisms,which directly affects the process of tumor cell growth,proliferation,and migration and has an important impact on the occurrence and development of precancerous lesions of gastric cancer.Correa mode has shown that precancerous lesions of gastric cancer is the key pathological stage before the occurrence of gastric cancer,and it is of great significance to advance the prevention and treatment strategy to this stage.TCM believes that qi deficiency and blood stasis is the key pathogenesis of precancerous lesions of gastric cancer,and its basic treatment is to replenish qi and remove blood stasis,and based on the syndrome differentiation,drugs with the efficacy of nourishing yin and tonifying stomach,soothing the liver and regulating qi,resolving phlegm and dispersing lumps,and clearing heat and dampness for treatment.This article discussed the correlation between precancerous lesions of gastric cancer and angiogenic microenvironment and its regulatory pathways,and summarized the methods and mechanisms of TCM in the treatment of precancerous lesions of gastric cancer from the perspective of regulating angiogenic microenvironment-related pathways,in order to provide a reference for the treatment of precancerous lesions of gastric cancer with TCM.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by increased fat depositions in the liver while the patients do not have drinking history.NAFLD has a prevalence of 10％ ～40％ in global,25％ ～26％ in Western populations.From 2004 to 2013,the numbers of new patients on the waitlist who had NASH increased by 170％ in America.The prevalence of NAFLD in China is 20％.With the decrease of HBV and HCV and the increase of diabetes mellitus type 2 and obesity,NAFLD will become the most common chronic liver disease in China over the next 20 years.NAFLD related end-stage liver disease will become the most common indication of liver transplantation.In this paper,the epidemiological features,pathogenesis,indication and prognosis of liver transplantation are reviewed.

The effect of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors Cip1/Wafl (p21) on regulatory expression of survivin transcription in human hepatocellular carcinoma cell HepG2 was observed and the related mechanisms explored. Doxorubicin (DOX) was used to treat HepG2. Eukaryotic vector pEGFP-C2-p21 was transfected into HepG2 by lipofectamine and positive clones were screened out by G418. The mRNA expression of p21 and survivin was detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RQ-PCR). Flow cytometry was used to examine the cell cycle, and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to measure the levels of E2F-1 and p300. The results showed that: (1) After treatment with DOX, the expression of p21 was increased, whereas that of survivin was reduced during 24h of treatment; (2) After transfection of pEGFP-C2-p21 into HepG2, p21 level was significantly enhanced to 2100.11-folds or 980.89-folds in comparison to HepG2 or HepG2-C2 group, and survivin level was markedly down-regulated to 0.54% or 0.59% relative to the control groups; (3) Overexpressed p21 resulted in G1/G0 phase arrest (F=31.59,P<0.01), meanwhile E2F-1 mRNA and p300 mRNA were reduced as compared with those of controls (FE2F-1=125.28,P<0.05;Fp300=46.01,P<0.01). It was suggested that p21 could be a potential mediator of survivin suppression at transcription level in HepG2 cell, which might be through the block at G1/G0 phase and down-regulation of transcription factors E2F-1 and p300.

To investigate the effect of Zhiwei Fuwei Pills (ZWFW) on the expression of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/autophagy key molecule yeast Atg6 homologue (Beclin1)/microtubuleassociated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) signaling axis key molecules in gastric antrum tissue of rats with precancerous gastric lesions (PLGC). METHODS: SPF SD rats were randomly divided into normal group, model group, folic acid group, ZWFW low-dose, medium-dose, high-dose group. In addition to the normal group, the model group, folic acid group, ZWFW low-dose, medium-dose and high-dose groups, were used to establish the PLGC rat model by five factors compound modeling methods: N-methyl-N ' - nitro-n-nitroguanidine (MNNG) combined with hunger and satiation, ethanol intragastric administration, free drinking of ammonia and ranitidine feed. The rats were treated with normal saline, folic acid tablet aqueous solution (0.002 g/kg), ZWFW low-dose, medium-dose, high-dose aqueous solution (0.42, 0.84, 1.67 g/kg) for 4 weeks, and the stomach was removed by laparotomy. Hematoxylineosin (HE) staining was used to observe the histopathological changes in the antrum of rats, and real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR), Western blot (WB) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were used to detect the expression of mammalian target of rapamycin mTOR, yeast Atg6 homologue 1 (Beclin1), microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3β (LC3B) mRNA and protein in the antrum of rats. RESULTS: Compared with the normal group, the Gastric antrum tissue of the model group was distended, thinner gastric wall, palegastric mucosa, atrophic and flat folds, disordered course and nodules and vegetations were visible. HE staining showed that compared with the normal group, the gastric mucosal glands in the model group were crowded and disordered, and the cell morphology was different, including a large number of goblet cells, basophilic cytoplasm, large, hyper-chromatic and irregular nuclei, and mucosal muscle infiltration and destruction. Compared with the model group, treated by ZWFW can significantly improve the pathological manifestations of gastric mucosal gland structure disorder and cell atypia. Compared with the normal group, mTOR mRNA and protein expression were significantly increased (P< 0.05) and Beclin1 and LC3B mRNA and protein expression were significantly decreased (P<0.05) in the antral tissue of rats in the model group; compared with the model group, mTOR mRNA and protein expression were decreased (P<0.05) in the medium and high dose groups of ZWFW, Beclin1 and LC3B protein expression in the antral tissue of rats in the low dose group of ZWFW and Beclin1 and LC3B mRNA and protein expression were increased (P<0.05) in the medium and high dose groups. CONCLUSION: Zhiwei Fuwei Pills can significantly improve the abnormal histopathological findings of gastric mucosa in PLGC model rats, and the mechanism may be related to the down-regulation of mTOR expression, up-regulation of Beclin1 and LC3B expression and then promoting autophagy.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease （NAFLD） is one of the most common complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus （T2DM）. Cell death caused by iron-lipid disorder is a new mode of regulating programmed cell death， which is characterized by lipid peroxidation induced by the accumulation of lipid reactive oxygen species and excessive accumulation of iron ions induced by iron metabolism disorders. Among them， iron homeostasis disorder and metabolic pathway disorder are the main causes of iron-lipid disorder， which play an important role in a variety of pathological processes related to cell death. Because the liver is an important organ for iron storage and lipid metabolism， iron-lipid disorder is an ideal target for liver disease， and inhibition of iron-lipid disorder may become a new strategy for the treatment of NAFLD. However， the pathogenic relationship and mechanism between NAFLD and iron-lipid disorder have not been fully elucidated. Based on the complex molecular regulation mechanism of iron-lipid disorder， by expounding the role of iron-lipid disorder in NAFLD and its related mechanism， this paper summarizes the research status of traditional Chinese medicine on the target treatment of NAFLD in recent years， so as to provide a new perspective and point out a new direction for the treatment of NAFLD in the future.