Traditional Chinese medicine has a long history of intranasal administration. Compared with the other administration routes, intranasal administration has the benefits of fast absorption, high bioavailability, high brain-targeting and non-invasive. In the past few years we take "Xingnaojing" and "Tongqiao Sanyu formula" as model drug and studied pharmacokinetics of effective components of different polarities. MDCK/MDCK-MDR1 cells were used to simulate blood brain barrier to study the permeate behaviors of different drug and the mechanism of enhancing effects of aromatic medicine. Then a microemulsion (modified by mPEG2000-PLA) was prepared for intranasal administration, and the pharmacokinetics and investigated tissue distribution were studied by fluorescence imaging. The irritation of the drug and different preparations were studied on human nasal epithelial cell (HNEC) cell and living animals. In this paper, we reviewed the achievements and hope that it can provide constructive suggestions for the future research.
Administration, Intranasal ; instrumentation ; methods ; Animals ; Biological Availability ; Blood-Brain Barrier ; drug effects ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; pharmacokinetics ; Humans

Adult ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Job Satisfaction ; Nurses ; Ophthalmology ; manpower ; Stress, Psychological ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Workload ; Young Adult

Objective To comprehend the students＇evaluation of PBL combined with scenario simulation teaching practice,and provide evidences for further improvement and refinement of teaching methods.Methods Twelve nursing undergraduate students participated the semi-structured interviews.Results PBL combined with scenario simulation teaching practice was superior to the traditional teaching method,because it can develop nurses＇ core competence,stimulate students＇interest in learning,enhance the independent learning ability and strengthen students＇capability in cooperation.However,there were still some problems to be solved.For example,the focal points were not prominent,the gap between students was widened.This added to students＇burden,and put forward various new request and challenges to teachers.Conclusions PBL combined with scenario simulation teaching method reflects a new teaching idea.It is helpful for developing nurses＇core competence,stimulating students＇interest in learning,enhancing team-work spirit.There are still some shortcomings in the implementation of PBL combined with scenario simulation teaching practice,it should be further developed to improve the teaching effectiveness.

·AIM: To investigate the effect of vitamin A on the conjunctival goblet cells of rat after corneal transplantation.·METHODS: Rat graft rejection models of corneal transplantation were established. SD rats were receptor and Wistar rats were donors. After corneal allografts were performed, 48 SD rats were randomly divided into three groups, 16 rats in each group. Group A was blank control group; group B was treated by oculotect gel (containing vitamin A); group C was treated by 1g/L dexamethasone eyedrops. Besides, group D was normal unoperated eyes.Slit-lamp microscope was employed to record and compare rejection index (RI) of corneal transplantation. Through HE,PAS staining of conjunctival histological sections and image analysis system, the number and morphology of conjunctival goblet cells were observed and analyzed between operation group and normal group.·RESULTS: The HE, PAS staining detection showed that the number of conjunctival goblet cells in oculotect gel group,1g/L dexamethasone eyedrops group and control group is lower than that in normal group after surgery (P＜0.01). The number of conjunctival goblet cells in oculotect gel group and 1g/L dexamethasone eyedrops group is higher than that in control group (P＜0.05). The number of conjunctival goblet cells in 1g/L dexamethasone eyedrops group is higher than that in oculotect gel group (P＜0.05).·CONCLUSION: The results indicate that vitamin A may inhibit the decrease of conjunctival goblet cells after corneal allograft rejection in rats.

[ ABSTRACT] AIM:To investigate the role of canonical transient receptor potential channel 1 ( TRPC1 ) in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition ( EMT) of human bronchial epithelial ( HBE) cells induced by transforming growth fac-tor-β1 (TGF-β1).METHODS:EMT of 16HBE cells induced by TGF-β1 were identified by microscopy, immunofluores-cence and Western blotting.Immunofluorescence, real-time PCR and Western blotting were applied to detect the mRNA and the protein expression of TRPC1 in the 16HBE cells.The influence of SKF96365 (a TRPC1 blocker) and siRNA-me-diated silencing of TRPC1 on the EMT of the 16HBE cells were detected by microscopy and Western blotting.RESULTS:Treatment with TGF-β1 induced significant morphological changes of the 16HBE cells.Exposure to TGF-β1 decreased the expression of E-cadherin protein (P<0.01) and increased the expression of α-SMA protein (P<0.05) in the 16HBE cells.Immunofluorescence observation indicated that TRPC1 expression in the 16HBE cells was positive.The expression of TRPC1 at mRNA and protein levels was significantly increased in the 16HBE cells after stimulation with TGF-β1 ( P<0.05).The morphological changes of the 16HBE cells induced by TGF-β1 were inhibited by SKF96365 and TRPC1 silen-cing compared with TGF-β1 group.The protein expression of E-cadherin andα-SMA induced by TGF-β1 were inhibited by SKF96365 and TRPC1 silencing compared with TGF-β1 group (P<0.05).CONCLUSION:TGF-β1 induces EMT with the mechanism of up-regulating TRPC1 in human bronchial epithelial cells.

In order to investigate the characteristics of transdermal delivery of ferulic acid under the treated of microneedle arrays and the influence on permeability of rat skin capillaries, improved Franz-cells were used in the transdermal delivery experiment with the rat skin of abdominal wall and the length of microneedle arrays, different insertion forces, retention time were studied in the influence of characteristics of transdermal delivery of FA. The amount of FA was determined by HPLC system. Intravenous injection Evans blue and FA was added after microneedle arrays treated. Established inflammation model was built by daubing dimethylbenzene. The amount of Evans blue in the rat skin was read at 590 nm wavelength with a Multiskan Go microplate reader. Compared with passive diffusion group the skin pretreated with microneedle arrays had a remarkable enhancement of FA transport (P <0.01). The accumulation of FA increased with the enhancement of insertion force as to as the increase of retention time. Microneedle arrays with different length had a remarkable enhancement of FA transport, but was not related to the increase of the length. The research of FA on the reduce of permeability of rat skin capillaries indicated that the skin pretreated with microneedle arrays could reduce the content of Evans blue in the skins of rat significantly compared with the untreated group. The permeation rate of ferulic acid transdermal delivery had remarkable increase under the treated of microneedle arrays and the length of microneedle arrays ,the retention time so as to the insertion force were important to the transdermal delivery of ferulic acid.
Administration, Cutaneous ; Animals ; Coumaric Acids ; administration & dosage ; pharmacokinetics ; Male ; Needles ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Skin Absorption

Objective To establish the cell model of ethanol-induced liver injury and explore the protective effects of tea poly-phenols (TP)on ethanol-induced liver injury .Methods Cell morphology were observed by microscope ,and then alanine aminotrans-ferase (ALT) ,nmda transaminase (AST) ,gamma GGTP ,GGT and ROS changes were detected .Results Alcohol maked L02 hepa-tocyte fatty degeneration .Compared with ethanol group ,steatosis in TP + ethanol group was lighter ,its ALT ,AST ,GGT content and intracellular ROS reduced .Conclusion TP can decrease cell fatty change degree in vitro experiments ,improue the enzymology indexes ,reduce the generation of reactive oxygen species to avoid liver damage .

Objective To identify the risk factors of delirium in ICU by Meta-analysis. Methods Quality of the studies was assessed in terms of study design, definitions of main variables, statistics, and bias control. Analysis of sensitivity and heterogeneity were performed and cumulative effects were calculated using either fixed or random effects models by RevMan 4.2.Results Ten studies met all inclusive and exclusive criteria. Simple sizes range from 100 to 3308. Twenty-one risk factors of delirium in ICU were involved, but only alcohol abuse, respiratory disease, infection, APACHE Ⅱ,elevated level of serum urea nitrogen, hyponatremia, hyperbilirubinemia and using sedatives were identified as having a cumulative effect on delirium in ICU. Conclusions Infection, abnormality or disturbance of metabolism and intoxication or acute withdrawal from drug or alcohol are independent predictors of delirium in ICU, while advanced age and hypoxemia, which are commonly considered as independent risk factors of delirium in ICU, are still inconclusive.

Ophiacordyceps sinensis has been used as a traditional natural drug for at least 600 years. It has various pharmacological activities and has been widely used in clinical practice. This article summarizes the research on the pharmacological effects of Ophiacordyceps sinensis in liver diseases and points out that Ophiacordyceps sinensis has definite therapeutic effects in liver diseases including liver injury of various causes, liver fibrosis, and liver tumors. The bioactive components of Ophiacordyceps sinensis, such as cordyceps polysaccharides, cordycepin, cordycepic acid, and ergosterol, may play vital roles in the pharmacological activities of Ophiacordyceps sinensis.

Prostate cancer is one of the common malignant tumors of male urogenital system, and the incidence of prostate cancer in China has increased significantly in the past decade. At present, endocrine therapy based on androgen blockade is the main method of clinical treatment except radical surgery and radiotherapy/chemotherapy for prostate cancer. However, the clinical benefit can only be obtained in the early stage of treatment, and nearly 90% of patients will develop to the castration resistance, and among them, nearly 90% of patients will have bone metastasis. The quality of life decreases sharply with the progression of disease for patients. In addition to the androgen signal pathway, studies have shown that many other oncogenic signal pathways have involved in the development of castration resistance, including classic cancer signaling pathways, immune and inflammatory signaling pathways, etc. Understanding the mechanism of androgen independent signal pathway in the formation of castration resistance will help to understand the off-target effect of androgen blocking therapy and introduce new treatment targets or strategies to get rid of the "no drug available" dilemma for clinical treatment of castration resistance.