Traditional Chinese medicine has a long history of intranasal administration. Compared with the other administration routes, intranasal administration has the benefits of fast absorption, high bioavailability, high brain-targeting and non-invasive. In the past few years we take "Xingnaojing" and "Tongqiao Sanyu formula" as model drug and studied pharmacokinetics of effective components of different polarities. MDCK/MDCK-MDR1 cells were used to simulate blood brain barrier to study the permeate behaviors of different drug and the mechanism of enhancing effects of aromatic medicine. Then a microemulsion (modified by mPEG2000-PLA) was prepared for intranasal administration, and the pharmacokinetics and investigated tissue distribution were studied by fluorescence imaging. The irritation of the drug and different preparations were studied on human nasal epithelial cell (HNEC) cell and living animals. In this paper, we reviewed the achievements and hope that it can provide constructive suggestions for the future research.
Administration, Intranasal ; instrumentation ; methods ; Animals ; Biological Availability ; Blood-Brain Barrier ; drug effects ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; pharmacokinetics ; Humans

Adult ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Job Satisfaction ; Nurses ; Ophthalmology ; manpower ; Stress, Psychological ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Workload ; Young Adult

Objective To comprehend the students＇evaluation of PBL combined with scenario simulation teaching practice,and provide evidences for further improvement and refinement of teaching methods.Methods Twelve nursing undergraduate students participated the semi-structured interviews.Results PBL combined with scenario simulation teaching practice was superior to the traditional teaching method,because it can develop nurses＇ core competence,stimulate students＇interest in learning,enhance the independent learning ability and strengthen students＇capability in cooperation.However,there were still some problems to be solved.For example,the focal points were not prominent,the gap between students was widened.This added to students＇burden,and put forward various new request and challenges to teachers.Conclusions PBL combined with scenario simulation teaching method reflects a new teaching idea.It is helpful for developing nurses＇core competence,stimulating students＇interest in learning,enhancing team-work spirit.There are still some shortcomings in the implementation of PBL combined with scenario simulation teaching practice,it should be further developed to improve the teaching effectiveness.

·AIM: To investigate the effect of vitamin A on the conjunctival goblet cells of rat after corneal transplantation.·METHODS: Rat graft rejection models of corneal transplantation were established. SD rats were receptor and Wistar rats were donors. After corneal allografts were performed, 48 SD rats were randomly divided into three groups, 16 rats in each group. Group A was blank control group; group B was treated by oculotect gel (containing vitamin A); group C was treated by 1g/L dexamethasone eyedrops. Besides, group D was normal unoperated eyes.Slit-lamp microscope was employed to record and compare rejection index (RI) of corneal transplantation. Through HE,PAS staining of conjunctival histological sections and image analysis system, the number and morphology of conjunctival goblet cells were observed and analyzed between operation group and normal group.·RESULTS: The HE, PAS staining detection showed that the number of conjunctival goblet cells in oculotect gel group,1g/L dexamethasone eyedrops group and control group is lower than that in normal group after surgery (P＜0.01). The number of conjunctival goblet cells in oculotect gel group and 1g/L dexamethasone eyedrops group is higher than that in control group (P＜0.05). The number of conjunctival goblet cells in 1g/L dexamethasone eyedrops group is higher than that in oculotect gel group (P＜0.05).·CONCLUSION: The results indicate that vitamin A may inhibit the decrease of conjunctival goblet cells after corneal allograft rejection in rats.

OBJECTIVETo compare the effect,safety,and advantage of flexible fixation with paperboard and pad versus short leg plaster in treating the fifth metatarsal base fracture,and establish the standard of diagnosis and treatment of the fifth metatarsal base fractures in flexible fixation with paperboard and pad.

METHODSFrom June 2010 to March 2013,59 patients with the fifth metatarsal base fracture were treated with paperboard and pad fixation or short leg plaster. Patients were enrolled and divided into paperboard and pad treatment group (paperboard group) and short leg plaster treatment group (plaster group) randomly according to the random number table. In paperboard group,there were 29 cases including 9 males and 20 females with an average age of (51.79±11.40) years old; the average course of injury was (11.59±6.58) hours. In plaster group, there were 30 cases including 9 males and 21 females with an average age of (52.13+17.34) years old ;the average course of injury was (11.03±7.06) hours. According to whether the fracture line across the articular surface, in paperboard group there were 14 cases of type A,15 of type B; in plaster group,16 of type A, 14 of type B. According to the degree of dislocation,in paperboard group there were 16 cases of degree I ,13 of degree II ; in plaster group,20 were degree I ,10 were degree II. Fracture was restored according to the type in manual. Patients in paperboard group were treated with paperboard and pad, and patients in plaster group were treated with short leg plaster. Fracture was fixed for 4 to 6 weeks according to fracture healing. On the 2nd, 4th,6th, 8th week and 3rd, 6th month after fixation, patients were followed up, and the foot function score was used to evaluate the function of injured foot. X-ray of injured foot was taken on the 2nd, 4th, 6th and 8th week were used to assess fracture healing.

RESULTSAll patients got complete follow-up. The X-ray result showed that all fracture reached at clinical healing on the 8th week after fixation without skin ulcer,nonunion and displacement of fracture. From the 4th to 8th week after fixation, paperboard group had a higher X-ray score than plaster group, but the difference between two groups had no statistically significance. Repeated analysis result showed that there was interact at different time point and between groups,the difference had statistically significance (P<0.01). The foot function score showed that at all time point, paperboard group had a higher score than plaster group, and on the 2nd, 4th, and 6th week, it had statistically significant difference(P<0.01) between two groups. On the 6th months after fixation,the excellent and good rate of paperboard group was 93.10%, higher than that of plaster group, which was 86.67%. But it had no statistically difference(P=0.483) between two groups.

CONCLUSIONUsing paperboard and pad fixation to treat the fifth metatarsal base fracture has the advantage of simplicity operating,reliable fixation, satisfactory effects, easily obtainable material.

Adult ; Aged ; Casts, Surgical ; Female ; Foot Injuries ; physiopathology ; surgery ; Fracture Fixation ; instrumentation ; methods ; Fracture Healing ; Fractures, Bone ; physiopathology ; surgery ; Humans ; Male ; Metatarsal Bones ; injuries ; physiopathology ; surgery ; Middle Aged

[ ABSTRACT] AIM:To investigate the role of canonical transient receptor potential channel 1 ( TRPC1 ) in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition ( EMT) of human bronchial epithelial ( HBE) cells induced by transforming growth fac-tor-β1 (TGF-β1).METHODS:EMT of 16HBE cells induced by TGF-β1 were identified by microscopy, immunofluores-cence and Western blotting.Immunofluorescence, real-time PCR and Western blotting were applied to detect the mRNA and the protein expression of TRPC1 in the 16HBE cells.The influence of SKF96365 (a TRPC1 blocker) and siRNA-me-diated silencing of TRPC1 on the EMT of the 16HBE cells were detected by microscopy and Western blotting.RESULTS:Treatment with TGF-β1 induced significant morphological changes of the 16HBE cells.Exposure to TGF-β1 decreased the expression of E-cadherin protein (P<0.01) and increased the expression of α-SMA protein (P<0.05) in the 16HBE cells.Immunofluorescence observation indicated that TRPC1 expression in the 16HBE cells was positive.The expression of TRPC1 at mRNA and protein levels was significantly increased in the 16HBE cells after stimulation with TGF-β1 ( P<0.05).The morphological changes of the 16HBE cells induced by TGF-β1 were inhibited by SKF96365 and TRPC1 silen-cing compared with TGF-β1 group.The protein expression of E-cadherin andα-SMA induced by TGF-β1 were inhibited by SKF96365 and TRPC1 silencing compared with TGF-β1 group (P<0.05).CONCLUSION:TGF-β1 induces EMT with the mechanism of up-regulating TRPC1 in human bronchial epithelial cells.

Objective To identify the risk factors of delirium in ICU by Meta-analysis. Methods Quality of the studies was assessed in terms of study design, definitions of main variables, statistics, and bias control. Analysis of sensitivity and heterogeneity were performed and cumulative effects were calculated using either fixed or random effects models by RevMan 4.2.Results Ten studies met all inclusive and exclusive criteria. Simple sizes range from 100 to 3308. Twenty-one risk factors of delirium in ICU were involved, but only alcohol abuse, respiratory disease, infection, APACHE Ⅱ,elevated level of serum urea nitrogen, hyponatremia, hyperbilirubinemia and using sedatives were identified as having a cumulative effect on delirium in ICU. Conclusions Infection, abnormality or disturbance of metabolism and intoxication or acute withdrawal from drug or alcohol are independent predictors of delirium in ICU, while advanced age and hypoxemia, which are commonly considered as independent risk factors of delirium in ICU, are still inconclusive.

In order to investigate the characteristics of transdermal delivery of ferulic acid under the treated of microneedle arrays and the influence on permeability of rat skin capillaries, improved Franz-cells were used in the transdermal delivery experiment with the rat skin of abdominal wall and the length of microneedle arrays, different insertion forces, retention time were studied in the influence of characteristics of transdermal delivery of FA. The amount of FA was determined by HPLC system. Intravenous injection Evans blue and FA was added after microneedle arrays treated. Established inflammation model was built by daubing dimethylbenzene. The amount of Evans blue in the rat skin was read at 590 nm wavelength with a Multiskan Go microplate reader. Compared with passive diffusion group the skin pretreated with microneedle arrays had a remarkable enhancement of FA transport (P <0.01). The accumulation of FA increased with the enhancement of insertion force as to as the increase of retention time. Microneedle arrays with different length had a remarkable enhancement of FA transport, but was not related to the increase of the length. The research of FA on the reduce of permeability of rat skin capillaries indicated that the skin pretreated with microneedle arrays could reduce the content of Evans blue in the skins of rat significantly compared with the untreated group. The permeation rate of ferulic acid transdermal delivery had remarkable increase under the treated of microneedle arrays and the length of microneedle arrays ,the retention time so as to the insertion force were important to the transdermal delivery of ferulic acid.
Administration, Cutaneous ; Animals ; Coumaric Acids ; administration & dosage ; pharmacokinetics ; Male ; Needles ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Skin Absorption

OBJECTIVETo investigate the blood quality of blood banks.

METHODSHBsAg, Anti-HCV, Anti-HIV were detected by enzyme linked immunoadsorbent assay (ELISA). Treponema pallidum was detected by Trust or rapid plasma regain card test (RPR) before August 2001 and ELISA was used afterwards. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was detected by Reitman-Frankel before December 1999 and by continuous monitoring assay afterwards. Results were compared between (1) sampling and spot check, (2) different determent methods, (3) two kinds of reagents with different antigen coating.

RESULTSSeventy-two (8.28 per thousand ) of the 8,699 plasma samples were found unqualified with levels of anti-HCV, ALT, HBsAg, Treponema pallidum and anti-HIV 24 (2.76 per thousand ), 19 (2.18 per thousand ), 16 (1.84 per thousand ), 7 (0.80 per thousand ), 6 (0.69 per thousand ), respectively. There were significant differences between different determent methods and different reagents, but only ALT showed significant difference in the sampling and spot check.

CONCLUSIONThe unqualified samples were associated with testing methods, quality of reagents as well as ability and responsibility of the staff.

Alanine Transaminase ; blood ; Blood Banks ; standards ; Blood Donors ; Blood-Borne Pathogens ; isolation & purification ; China ; D-Alanine Transaminase ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; HIV Antibodies ; blood ; HIV Seropositivity ; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens ; blood ; Hepatitis C Antibodies ; blood ; Humans ; Quality Control

Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics of infectious diseases of CNS.Methods Inpatients treated in the second hospital of Hebei Medical University from 1996 to 2005 were subjected to retrospective study.Results During 10 years,the hospitalization number of infectious diseases of CNS was 3929.The proportion of inpatients with viral meningitis(encephalitis),cerebral cysticercosis,tuberculous meningitis(TBM),purulent meningitis(PM)and cryptococcal meningitis(CM) was 63.8%,17.4%,7.7%,0.7% respectively.The hospitalization number of viral meningitis (encephalitis),TBM,PM and CM in the 2001—2005 5-year period was 53.5%,21.3%,35.3%,and 77.3% higher than that of the 1996—2000 period.Whereas the hospitalization number of cerebral cysticercosis decreased by 32.4% than that of the last 5 years.The peak months of viral meningitis (encephalitis)in a year were July,August and September.The peak months of TBM in a year were April, May and June.The case fatality of viral meningitis(encephalitis),cerebral cysticercosis,TBM,PM and CM was 8.1%,6.9%,22.4%,12.9%,33.3% respectively.Conclusions In the past l0 years,the incidence of common infectious diseases of CNS has increased in Shijiazhuang except cerebral cysticercoids. Our vigilance should be improved and some effective measures should be adopted to keep away infectious diseases of CNS.