China has not established the national long-term care insurance system, the long-term care expenses being mainly borne by the family, which leads to an unclear long-term care service utilization. This paper analyzes the impact of medical and pension insurance on the long-term care expenses for the Chinese disabled elderly by con-structing a two-part model based on the data of Chinese elderly longitudinal healthy longevity survey conducted in 2011 . The results showed that the long-term care expenditure of the urban elders with disabilities is significantly high-er than that of the rural ones. Although free public health insurance, the New Rural Cooperative medical insurance and endowment insurance have certain impact on the elderly long-term care expenditure, their effectiveness is differ-ent between the rural and urban areas. The urban elders' medical and pension insurance exerts influence on both the existence and the amount of the long-term care expenses. However, the rural elders' medical and pension insurance only have impact on the existence of the long-term care expenses, but the effect is not significant. It is suggested that China has to strengthen medical and pension insurance and build long-term care insurance system to lighten the finan-cial burden of the families of elders with disabilities.

Objective To explore the application value of 256 slice helical multi phase CT scan-ning and three-dimensional reconstruction in the diagnosis of malignant tumor of colorectal obstruction. Methods Using 256 slice spiral CT scanning and three-dimensional reconstruction of multi period in 42 ca-ses of malignant tumor patients with colorectal obstruction, the results and pathological results were analyzed and the postoperative stage.Results Forty-two cases of malignant tumors of colorectal obstruction, 256 slice spiral CT could well reflect the situation of location, range, degree, peripheral intestinal lymph node and distant metastasis, CTA could show the tumor supplying artery and branch sources, on the tumor loca-tion and overall accuracy.Conclusions 256 layer spiral CT scan and three dimensional reconstruction technology is accuracy for clinical diagnosis on malignant tumor of colorectal obstruction.

Objective: To evaluate the value of multi slice computed tomography (CT) in differential diagnosis of renal clear cell carcinoma and renal papillary carcinoma. Methods: The CT images of 47patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) were reviewed. The RCC patients were divided into 2 groups pathologically, including 37 cases of clear cell RCC and 10 cases of papillary RCC. Plain scan and three phase (corticomedullary, nephrographic and excretory phases) CT were performed in all patients. Age and sex of patients, tumor size, enhancement degree and pattern (homogeneous, heterogeneous and predominantly peripheral), the presence of calcification or cystic degeneration (necrotic or hemorrhagic areas within the tumor) and tumor spreading (including perinephric change, venous invasion and lymphadenopathy) were compared between the 2 subtypes. Results: The degrees of enhancement were significantly different between the 2 subtypes in the corticomedullary, parenchymal and excretory phases (P<0.05). Necrosis and cystic degeneration were more evident in the clear cell RCC than in papillary RCC regardless of tumor size (P<0.05). A hypervascular pattern (higher tumor enhancement after contrast material injection due to higher vascularity) was noted in 21.6% of clear cell RCC cases and in 10% of papillary RCC (P<0.05). Half of the clear cell RCC and 2.7% of papillary RCC patients showed homogeneous enhancement (P<0.05). Calcification was evident in 21.6% of clear cell RCC patients and 20% of papillary RCC patients. Conclusion: The degree of enhancement is the most valuable parameter for differentiation of clear cell RCC and papillary RCC. The presence of cystic degeneration, hemorrhage, vascularity and enhancement patterns can also contribute to the differentiation of the 2 subtypes.

The determination and characterization of solid drug form polymorphisms plays an important role in drug quality control, selection of the production process and clinical efficacy evaluation. Vibrational spectroscopy is a powerful method for the characterization of drug polymorphisms. In this paper we review recent research and application advances in the polymorphic characterization of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and drug cocrystals/salts by using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy to elucidate the characteristics of APIs and drug complexes. This may provide theoretical support for structural analysis during the development process for drugs.

Since the concept of "artificial intelligence" was introduced in 1956,it has led to numerous technological innovations in human medicine and completely changed the traditional model of medicine.In this study,we mainly explain the application of artificial intelligence in various fields of medicine from four aspects:machine learning,intelligent robot,image recognition technology,and expert system.In addition,we discuss the existing problems and future trends in these areas.In recent years,through the development of globalization,various research institutions around the world has conducted a number of researches on this subject.Therefore,medical artificial intelligence has attained significant breakthroughs and will demonstrate wide development prospection in the future.

Child ; Humans ; Liver Diseases ; Mitochondrial Diseases

Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Female ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin D ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Multiple Myeloma ; classification ; pathology ; Retrospective Studies

Animals ; Colonic Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology ; Female ; Humans ; Liver Neoplasms ; metabolism ; secondary ; Lymphatic Metastasis ; Neoplasm Proteins ; metabolism ; Ovarian Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology ; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases ; metabolism ; Stomach Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology

BACKGROUND: Various artifacts are found to be appeared in the nuclear magnetic resonance; the frequently appearing ones are the motion artifacts, plait artifacts, metallic artifacts, partial volume effect artifacts, chemical shift artifacts, phase artifacts, zipper artifacts and so on. However, there is still has no report on the controlling and revising method of the zipper artifacts which is produced in the spin-echo sequence imaging process. OBJECTIVE: Based on the discussion of the mechanism of the production of zipper artifact in the spin-echo sequence imaging process, a new impulse sequence is worked out to avoid the zipper artifact. METHODS: Standard SE sequence was complied to obtain the standard image, and compiling the artifact sequence to obtain the linear disturbance image and zipper artifact image, compiling the modified sequence to obtain the modified zipper artifact image. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Usually, the linear disturbance image could obtained in the instantaneous gradient of 5 degree with the echo sequence of 120 degree, and the zipper artifact will be obtained in the instantaneous gradient of 90 degree with the echo sequence of 120 degree. Modified sequence instantaneous gradient of 90 degree with the echo sequence of 120 degree can completely eliminate zipper artifact. The interesting result obtained in this paper is that the zipper artifact can be totally avoided with this new impulse sequence.

Objective To detect the pain condition in patients with Parkinson's disease(PD) and explore the clinical significance.Methods From May 2007 to February 2008,pain was examined in 162 PD patients in Department of Neurology,West China Hospital,Sichuan University and in 135 healthy controls well matched for gender,age and education.Statistics analysis was employed according to gender,age,the form of morbility,early-onset PD or late-onset PD,duration and Hoehn-Yahr degree.Results The incidence of pain in PD patients(53.1%)was higher than that in the healthy controls(23.7%)(P