Tne Unscheduled DNA syntheris (UDS) was induced in cultured human amnionic cell line FL in vitro by exposure to 261-B2-3, an extract of Alternaria alternata separated from crops in Linxian county which is a high risk area of esophageal cancer in China. In the absence of S-9M, 261-B2-3 was capable of inducing UDS in target cells and the ratio of UDS elicited by the extract (the range of concentration being 10~(-6) to 10~(-3) mg/ml) was significatly different from the ratio by solvent control (P0.05) with S-9M. The results demonstrated that 261-B2-3 has stronger mutagenicity without S-9M and it's mutagenicity is rising with increasing concentrations in a certain range. On the contrary, 261-B2-3 has no or only a weak mutagenicity with S-9M. It is suggested that there arc direct mutagens in this extract. It is possible that Alternaria alternata contaminated the crops play an important role in the high incidence of esophageal cancer in Linxian county.

It was known that most chemical carcinogens could interfere with the synthesis of DNA, RNA and protein. The effect of 261-B_2-3, an extract of Alternaria alternata separated from Linxian county which is a high risk area of esophageal cancer in North China interference on the metabolism of these macromolectules was studied. Experi- ments showed that the synthesis of DNA and protein were partially blocked after exposing to 261-B_2-3 and the inhibition rate showed a relationship to the concentration of 261-B_2-3, but 261-B_2-3 gave no evidence of interference of RNA metabolism. Experiments demostrated the difference of action of 261-B_2-3 as inhibiting agent in DNA and protein synthesis. The rate of DNA synthesis decreased with time after the removal of 261-B_2-3 from medium and a valley was found in the curveof DNA synthesis. In contrast to the results with DNA synthesis, the rate of protein increased immediately after the removal of the agent. 261-B_2-3 is regarded as a DNA-damaging agent that inhibits protein synthe sis but does not damage it. The interference of the macromolecules by 261-B_2-3 leads to confusion of cell biology and biochemistry and may play an important role in mutagenicity.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a technology that imaging the ocular structure by the interference of light.OCT is invented and applied in the examine and measure of the retina and choroid.However,the development of spectrum domain make the study of ocular anterior segment structure possible.Anterior segment OCT (AS-OCT) can image the tissue structures of the cornea,anterior chamber,pupil,iris,etc.on the same picture.Also,AS-OCT can be used to measure the corneal surface and curvature after excimer laser in situ keratomileusis,the examination of the angle,iris,ciliary body in glaumatous eyes,the observation of dynamic alteration of the filtering bleb following antiglaucoma surgery and the evaluation of ocular anterior segment tissue after eye trauma.AS-OCT examined at a non-contact,non-invasive way with higher resolution and higher speed.In addition,AS-OCT offers the quantitative analysis of the ocular anterior segment.The clinical application,advantages and disadvantages,prospect of AS-OCT in ophthalmology were reviewed in this paper.

This article analyzed the shortage of political theories examination in higher schools currently,put forward new principle,characteristics for new examination way and studied different examination ways during the teaching process and at the end of the teaching.

Objective To investigate the change trend and the drug resistance rate of the multi-resistant organisms in the hospi-tal during the past four years,so as to guide the clinical medication,and strengthen the management of antibiotics application.Meth-ods Kirby-Bauer test which was recommended by the clinical and laboratory standards institute was used to conduct the suscepti-bility test,with the results evaluated based on US Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute.Results Strains of bacteria were de-tected from January 201 1 to December 2014 in each year for the basic trend.The gram-negative bacterium was in the dominant posi-tion.The bacteria in the top five were:Escherichia coli,Staphylococcus epidermidis,Staphylococcus aureus,Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pneumonia crayresearch coli.In each year,the overall situation of bacteria distribution had little changed.From the antimicrobial susceptibility test results,425 strains of multi-resistant bacteria were detected during the past four years.The detection rate and constituent ratio of multi-resistant bacteria then fell slightly in the first three years,but rebound in 2014.There was no statistically significant difference between the four years.Conclusion In the past four years,our hospital actively participates in monitoring and controlling the multiple drug-resistant bacteria,but nosocomial infection of the multiple drug-resistant bacteria has not been effec-tively controlled because of a variety of factors.We should continue to strengthen monitoring the clinical multiple drug-resistant bacteria,and understand the change tendency.In order to strengthen the management of the use of antibiotics and to guide clinical rational drug use,the drug sensitive test and the resistance situation of the hospital should be considered for the reasonable selection of antimicrobial agents.Strengthening the biological monitoring of clinical departments,enhancing the consciousness of sterile oper-ation of clinicians can help prevent the spread of drug-resistant strains.

Objective To establish a serological detecting method for early diagnosis fungus infection of patients suffering from tumor.Methods 154 of 880 cases of tumor patients were examined by the antigen detecting reagents of CAND TEC for candida and Sanofi Diagnostics Pasteur for filamentous form fungus Simultaneously also chosen 21 cases of tumor inpatients who were free of fungus infection confirmed by clinical examined and microbiological detect and 9 cases of normal donor were chosen as the negative control Results 154 of 880 cases were confirmed whom with fungus infection depend on clinical observed and fungus antigen detecting 48 of 52 cases were positive of serological fungus antigen detecting.The positive rate was 92 3%.In 30 cases of control group,there was only one cases positiveTthe positive rate was 3 3%( ? 2=58 98, P

Objective To explore the clinical value of combined detection of serum human epididymal secretory protein E4 (HF4) and CA125 in the diagnosis of endometrial carcinoma.Methods From Jan 2010 to Apr 2011,the serum specimens were collected from124 cases of endometrial carcinoma,97 cases of benign disease of uterus and 109 cases of healthy women.HE4 levels in the serum were detected by ELISA,and CA125 levels in the serum were detected by the electro- ehemiluminescent immunoassay.Those results were shown with median level.Accuracy of the diagnosis was evaluated by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve ( ROC-AUC ).ResultsThe median levels of HE4 and CA125 were 78.09 pmol/L and 33.43 kU/L in serum of endometrial carcinoma group.The median levels of HE4 and CA125 were 46.37 pmol/L and 18.26 kU/L in serum of benign disease of uterus group.The median levels of HE4 and CA125 were 31.75 pmol/L and 12.64 kU/L in serum of healthy women group.The HE4 and CA125 levels in serum of endometrial carcinoma group were significantly higher than those of benign disease of uterus group or healthy women group ( all P ＜ 0.05 ).Compared with that benign disease of uterus group,the ROC-AUC of HE4 and CA125 in endometrial carcinoma group were 0.913 and 0.801,respectively.When the specificity was 95.0％,the sensitivities of HE4,CA125,and combined detection of HF4 and CA125 in endometrial carcinoma group were 41.1％,22.6％ and 46.0％,respectively.The positive rates of HE4 and CA125 were 31％ (27/86) and 12％ (10/86) in stage Ⅰ - Ⅱ of endometrial carcinoma,while the positive rates were 63％ (24/38) and 47％ (18/38) in stage Ⅲ -Ⅳ of endometrial carcinoma,in which there were significant difference between patients in stage Ⅲ - Ⅳ and stage Ⅰ - Ⅱ (P ＜ 0.01 ).ConclusionsThe combined detection of serum HE4 and CA125 is helpful to the diagnosis of endometrial carcinoma.The sensitivity,specificity and early diagnosis of HE4 are better than that of CA125.The positive rates of HF4 and CA125 in endometrial carcinoma are related to the clinical staging.

Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) has been a recent concern given the high incidence of tumors. Increasing amounts of re-search report that PLA2 is an inflammatory factor that is closely associated with tumor incidence. Moreover, it displays high specificity, minimal biological variation, is rarely affected by other inflammation markers, and has a definite relation with the differentiation in tu-mors of the digestive tract, such as intestinal and gastric cancers. PLA2 is also related to the invasion mechanisms, metastasis, and apop-tosis of tumors. In addition, PLA2 can be applied to the scoring and to the clinical and medicinal treatment of the Gleason tumor, which is found in prostatic cancers of the genital system. It is also closely related to the proliferation and infiltration of ovarian cancer cells. Therefore, PLA2 can be used as a new test index for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of tumors, which may generate a new research direction with respect to the forecasting of tumor incidence and progression. The bionomics of PLA2 facilitate the use of inflammatory factors in the detection procedures utilized by clinical laboratories, which can monitor the conditions of cancer patients in advance and effectively customize treatment regimens for such patients.

Objective To evaluate the protective effect of large dose of ambroxol hydrochloride on lung ischemia reperfusion injury in rats and analyze the relationship between ambroxol hydrochloride and pulmonary vascular permeability mediators including EphrinAl, HIF-1α and VEGF at mRNA and protein levels.Methods Rats were operated by the thoracic posterolateral approach.The left lung is-chemia was induced by clamping the hilum of the left inflated lung for 60 minutes, and then followed by a 6-hour reperfusion.Forty rats were divided into ischemia-reperfusion group, ambroxol hydrochloride inter-vention group, sham operation group and blank control group.At the beginning of reperfusion, rats in am-broxol hydrochloride group were infused with ambroxol hydrochloride solution (3.75 mg ·kg~(-1) ·h~(-1)) via femoral vein for six hours.Then, PaO_2, wet-to-dry lung weight ratio, concentrations of IL-1β and TNF-a, activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO), mRNA and protein expressions of EphrinAl, HIF-1a and VECF were detected.Histopathological changes were observed under light microscope.Results (1) Histo-logical observation with light microscope showed significant decrease of diffuse alveolar damage consisting of septal edema, intraalveolar hemorrhage and exsudation in ambroxol hydrochloride group compared with ischemia-reperfusion group.The wet-to-dry lung weight ratio in ambroxol hydrochloride group was de-creased and PaO_2 was elevated significantly.(2) Compared with ischemia-reperfusion group, the concen-trations of IL-1β and TNF-α and activity of MPO in ambroxol hydrochloride group were decreased signifi-cantly.(3) The mRNA and protein expressions of EphrinAl, HIF-la and VEGF in ambroxol hydrochl-oride group did not recover to normal but were down-regulated significantly compared with ischemia-reper-fusion group.Conclusions (1) Large dose of ambroxol hydrochloride can alleviate the LJRI damage by down-regulating the expressions of IL-1β and TNF-α and the activity of MPO in the lung parenchyma.(2) The mRNA and protein expressions of EphrinA1, HIF-1α and VECF can be down-regulated by large dose of ambroxol hydrochloride, which contributes to alleviation of the LJRI damage.The results indicate possible role of gene regulation and fresh pharmacological effect of ambroxol hydrochloride during forma-tion of LIRI.

The establishment of animal model is fundamental to the experimental studies. It involves the selection of animals and cell lines, the determination of the number of cells and the option of the ways of transplant. Only when each production step is operated by following the occurrence and the development mechanism of the gastric cancer, can we simulate the process of growth of the gastric cancer in human body.Due to their congenital immune deficiency, the nude mice serve a better choice for the establishment of gastric cancer animal model. Beyond that, the cell lines selection and transplant way option also play important roles.