26 heterotrophic bacteria strains were isolated from grown abalone digestion guts and their fanning waters in Jiansheng Abalone Farm in Shangwei, Guangdong province. Analyses of extra-cellular pathogenic factors were performed and API 20 E strips were employed to identify all the isolates. Results indicated that isolates from digestion guts displayed greater ability of producing protease , amylase, gelatinase and/or hemolysis than those from farming waters, while their ability of producing lipase and phospholipase were lower than the later. Regardless of their source of origins, there were some isolates which had great abilities of producing extra-cellular products and most of them were Sphingomonas paucimobilis. Therefore, Sphingomonas paucimobilis should be considered as an opportunistic pathogen in the abalone fanning environments, while the digestion guts and fanning waters should be both regarded as the sources of harboring potential pathogens. In addition, apart from predominant strains, the roles of extra-cellular products of the bacteria community as a whole should be taken into consideration when dealing with fish diseases.

UDP glucosyltransferase (UDPGT) catalyzes the synthesis of secondary metabolites and plant hormones to regulate plant growth and development, pathogen defense and environmental adaptability. In this study 18 members of the RcUDPGT gene family were cloned from Tibetan Rhodiola crenulata and analyzed using bioinformatics. The tissue-specific expression, abiotic stresses and plant hormones (abscisic acid, auxin, methyl jasmonate) induced expression patterns were identified by real-time quantitative PCR. The bait vector of RcUDPGT (JX228125.1) was constructed to select interacting proteins from an Arabidopsis yeast library. The results of the bioinformatics analysis revealed that RcUDPGT nucleotide sequences were about 1 400 bp and encoded 452-498 amino acids. In the primary protein sequences, C-terminal sequences were more conserved compared with N-terminal regions, which held a PSPG (plant secondary product glycosyltransferase) domain. In the tertiary structures, RcUDPGTs contained a UDP sugar donor recognition binding site. In addition, all genes had multiple phosphorylation sites. The results of qRT-PCR showed that RcUDPGTs genes were expressed in root, stem and leaf. The expression levels were regulated by low temperature/ultraviolet light and various plant hormones (ABA, IAA, MeJA), but the expression patterns were quite different among them. For example, RcUDPGT6, RcUDPGT11, and RcUDPGT17 had the highest expression in leaves and were induced by all three hormones, suggesting that the functions of these genes might be to respond to environmental changes. RcUDPGT9, RcUDPGT10, RcUDPGT14 were most abundantly expressed in roots and were significantly induced by ABA and MeJA hormones, indicating that these genes may be involved in the synthesis and accumulation of salidroside. Yeast two-hybrid results showed that RcUDPGT did not exhibit autoactivation and cell toxicity, and two significant interactional genes were identified, AtKCR1 (AT1G67730.1) and AtSNL4 (AT1G70060). The AtKCR1 gene encodes a β-ketoacyl reductase (KCR) involved in synthesis of very long chain fatty acids. The AtSNL4 gene encodes a homolog of the transcriptional repressor SIN3, which could participate in the ABA hormone signaling pathway and enhance the transcriptional repression of AP2/EREBP class factors in Arabidopsis. These results suggest that the accumulation of the secondary metabolite salidroside in Rhodiola crenulata might be affected by several regulatory mechanisms. The above results may lay the foundation for understanding the adaptive mechanism of Rhodiola crenulata in a high altitude environment and stimulate an in-depth study of the synthesis and accumulation of secondary metabolites in this species.

Objective To evaluate reoperations for benign bile duct strictures after a prewousRoux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy.Methods Clinical date of 28 patients with previous reconstruction of Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy for benign bile duct strictures were retrospectively analyzed.For data staftstical analysis t-test and stepwise logistic regression analysis were used.Results Reoperative surgery was performed for residual biliary stones with bile duct stricture in 10 cases(35.7%),simple anastomotic stricture of hepaticojejunostomy in 11 cases(39.3%),remained biliary stricture after initial rear in 6 cases (21.4%).anastomotic leakage with duodenal leakage in one case(3.6%).Mode of reoperation:18 cases (64.3%)underwent hepatic lobectomy with Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy,liver splitting approach to Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy in 5 cases(17.9%),right hemihepatectomy in one case(3.6%),resection of anastomotic stenosis involved segment and Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy in one case(3.6%),abdominal drainage and duodenum fistulization and jejunum ostomy in one case(3.6%),choledocholithotomy with T-tube drainage in 2 cases(7.1%);Thirteen patients(46.4%)developed postoperative complications.Conclusion Biliary tract stenosis remains the main cause for reoperation in patients undergoing a faeled reconstruction.Wide and patent biliary tract drainage and reconstruction somenmes necessitate a hepatic lobectomy.

Objective To investigate the effect of bifidobacteria on dextran sulphate sodium(DSS)- induced acute ulcerative colitis in mice.Methods Thirty BALB/C mice were randomly divided into nor- mal control group (n=10),0501 strain group (n=10) and c122 strain group (n=10).Fifty BALB/ C mice received 5% dextran sulphate sodium(DSS) for 7 days to induce ulcerative colitis.The mice were then divided to model group,negative control group(perfused with 0.9 NaCl solution ),positive control group(perfused with SASP of 20 mg/ml),DSS + 0501 strain group(perfused with 1?10~9 CFU/ml bifidobacteria 0501 strain solution and DSS + c122 strain group (perfused with 1?10~9 CFU/ml bifidobacteria c122 strain solution).All mice were sacrificed 9 days later.The colon specimens were measure by histoehemical staining with H-E.The expressions of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and its protein were detected by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry respectively.Results The degree of colon inflam- mation in mice both in DSS+ 0501 strain and DSS+ c122 strain groups were aggravated and expressions of IL-10 mRNA and protein were reduced compared to model group.No colon inflammation was found in 0501 strain and c122 strain groups.Conclusion Some strain of bifidobaeteria may aggravate colon in- flammation in mice when mucosal harrier is destroyed.

Objective To investigate the effects of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) on tumor growth and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression of human gastric carcinoma xenografts in nude mice with different expressions of growth hormone receptor (GHR). Methods Immunocytochemical method was used to pick out one GHR-positive and one GHR-negative cell line. Then the cells were subcutaneously injected into 24 nude mice separately. The nude mice bearing two different kinds of human gastric caicinoma were equalges of body weight and tumor volume of nude mice were recorded. Serum concentrations of VEGF in peripheral blood were analyzed by ELISA. VEGF protein and mRNA expression in tumor tissue were detected by immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR, respectively. Results We chose SGC-7901 as GHR positive group, and MKN-45 as the negative one. For nude mice bearing GHR + SGC-7901 xenografts, the tumor volumes were significantly larger in rhGH groups than in control group (P ＜ 0.05), and the high-dose rhGH group revealed greater effect (P ＜ 0. 05).Body weights were not significantly different among three groups (P ＞ 0. 05). Serum VEGF concentration was (252.94 ± 15.32) ng/L in the high-dose rhGH group, which was significantly higher than that in control group [(49.94 ± 5.73) ng/L] and low-dose rhGH group [(167.60 ± 9.54) ng/L] (P ＜ 0.05). Moderate positive staining with VEGF was observed in the control group, while VEGF staining was strong in rhGH administration groups. The relative expression of VEGF mRNA for the high-dose rhGH group was 0. 6470 ± 0. 0447, which was significantly higher than that in control group (0. 3230 ± 0. 0258)and low-dose rhGH group (0. 412 ± 0. 0351)(P ＜ 0.05). While for nude mice bearing GHR-MKN-45 xenografts, the body weights of the rhGH-administrated groups were significantly higher than that of control group (P ＜ 0.05), while tumor growth, serum VEGF concentration, and the expressions of VEGF mRNA and protein in tumor tissue were not significantly different (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions rhGH can promote tumor growth and increase the expression of VEGF in the GHR-highly-expressed SGC-7901 xenograft tumor model. However, such effects do not exist in GHR-negatively-expressed MKN-45 xenograft tumor model. The existence of GHR may be a key target where rhGH influences the secretion of VEGF.

Objective: To investigate the effects of ω-3 fish oil fat emulsion on nutritional status and humoral immunity in postoperative patients suffering from gastrointestinal malignancy. Methods: Thirty patients of gastrointestinal malignancy were randomly divided into study group (n = 15) and control group (n = 15). All the patients were assigned to receive total parenteral nutrition with the equal nitrogen and calory,and those in study group received fish oil fat emulsion additionally. Liver and renal function, blood lipid, haemoglobin, albumin, transferrin, total lymphocyte count (TLC) , B lymphocyte subsets (B1, B2), immunoglobin(IgG, IgM, IgA) and complement(C3, C4) were determined preoperatively and 1, 6d postoperatively. Results: There were no significant differences in liver and renal function and blood lipid on postoperative day 6 versus preoperation in all the two groups. TLC, IgG, IgM, C3 on postoperative day 6 were siginificantly higher in the study group(P < 0. 05). Haemoglobin, albumin, transferrin and B lymphocyte subsets were not significantly different between the two groups. Conclusion: Fish oil fat emulsion treatment was safe and tolerated, and could improve the humoral immunity in patients.

BACKGROUND: Autophagy can regulate bone metabolism disorders in type 2 diabetes mellitus via nuclear factor KB receptor activating factor ligand, mammalian target of rapamycin, Wnt/β-catenin pathway, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. OBJECTIVE: To analyze and summarize the role and possible molecular mechanism of autophagy to improve bone metabolism disorder in type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS: Using “autophagy; exercise; type 2 diabetes mellitus; bone metabolism” as keywords, we retrieved literature regarding autophagy for improving bone metabolism disorder in type 2 diabetes mellitus in PubMed and China Knowledge Network, and logically analyzed and summarized the included studies. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Autophagy can improve bone metabolism disorders in type 2 diabetes mellitus through activation of signaling pathways, such as PPAR-γ, Hedgehog, MITF, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Autophagy can up-regulate the differentiation capacity of osteoblasts, down-regulate the absorption capacity of osteoclasts in type 2 diabetes mellitus, and has an important effect on bone formation and osteocalcin mineralization.

A UPLC-ESI-MS/MS method was used to determinate the main active fractions gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, myricetrin, hyperoside and quercitrin in Polygonum capitatum extracts by in situ intestinal perfusion models; the absorption rate constants and cumulative penetration rate of absorption were calculated. The effect of different drug concentrations, different intestine segments, bile and P-gp inhibitors on the absorption mechanism of Gallic acid and other compositions in P. capitatum extracts. The experimental results showed that gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, myricetrin and quercitrin were observed saturated at high concentration (P < 0.05). Bile had significant inhibition effect on protocatechuic acid absorption and had promotion effect on myricetrin and hyperoside absorption (P < 0.05). P-gp inhibitor verapamil could significantly enhance the absorption of Protocatechuic acid (P < 0.05). The overall trend for absorption of various compositions was that small intestine > colon. This indicated that the absorption mechanism of P. capitatum extracts in rat intestine was in line with fist-order kinetics characteristics. The composition could be absorbed in all of the different intestinal segments, and the absorption was mainly concentrated in small intestine. The protocatechuic acid may be the substrate of P-gp.
Animals ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Female ; Intestinal Absorption ; Intestines ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Male ; Polygonum ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Objective To study the factors affecting the synthesis of 18F-MyoZone,and to evaluate its potential as a myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) agent in normal Chinese mini-swine.Methods 18F-MyoZone was prepared by substituting the leaving group toluenesulfonyloxy (OTs) from the precursor compound with 18F-fluoride (18F-F-).The conditions affecting the labeling yield were studied by varying the amount of K2CO3 and precursor compound,18F-fluorination reaction time and temperature.PET was performed at 5,30,60 and 120 min post-injection on normal Chinese mini-swine.Results The doses of K2CO3 and precursor,the reaction time and the reaction temperature could affect the labeling yield of 18F-MyoZone,especially K2CO3.The optimized synthetic condition was 1.0 mg K2CO3,2.0 mg mpp2-OTs,20 min reaction time at 90 ℃.The total radio-synthesis time in this condition was 60 min.The uncorrected radiochemical yield was (24.0±5.1) ％.The radiochemical purity was ＞98％.PET imaging showed that 18F-MyoZone had high initial uptake (SUV=8.17± 1.83 at 5 min post-injection) and good retention (SUV =5.78±0.99 at 120 min post-injection) in the heart.The clearance of 18F-MyoZone from liver was very fast.The heart/liver ratios were 3.32,5.31,6.09 and 5.76 at 5,30,60 and 120 min post-injection,respectively.From 5 to 120 min post-injection,the outline of heart was clear and intact.There was almost no interference from the adjacent organs.The quality of PET images was highly satisfactory.Conelusions 18 F-MyoZone has the potential to be a good myocardial perfusion agent.The amount of K2CO3 used could significantly affect the labeling yield of 18F-MyoZone.

To explore the dynamic expression and role of Aquaporin5 (AQP5) in lung development and hyperoxia lung injury, gestation 21-day Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (term=22 days) were randomly assigned to air group and hyperoxia group within 12-24 h after birth. The rats in hyperoxia group were continuously exposed to about 85% oxygen and those in air group to room air. After 1 to 14 days of exposure, total lung RNA was extracted and the expression of AQP5 mRNA was detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Immunohistochemistry and western-blot were used to detect the expression of AQP5 protein. The results showed that the expression of AQP5 in premature rats lung could be detected at various time points after birth, and the positive staining was restricted to the type I alveolar epithelial cells. In air group, the AQP5 expression was detected in a very low level at day 1, but exhibited a persistent increase after birth. Compared with the air group, the expression of AQP5 in hyperoxia group was increased at day 1, and had significant difference in mRNA level (P<0.05), but decreased significantly in mRNA and protein levels after 4 to 14 days (P<0.01 or P<0.05 respectively). It was concluded that AQP5 might play a key role in the alveolar period of premature rats by regulating the lung water balance. Hyperoxia exposure leads to a down-regulation of the AQP5 expression, which may be an important factor for the development of hyperoxia lung injury.