OBJECTIVE:To provide a basis for management of use of cephalosporins in hospital METHODS:The cephalosporins used in 18 hospitals of Chongqing in 2001～2003 were statistically analysed in respect to the kind,consumption sum and DDDs etc RESULTS:During the 3-year period,the sum of cephalosporins consumption increased with an annual rate of 23 34%,of which the third generation cephalosporins were the maximum consumption in kind accounting for 50% of total cephalosporins used Compared to those in 2001,DDDs of the third generation cephalosporins increased 540 49%,but DDDc decreased 75 22% As for fourth generation cephalosporins,the annual sum and consumption were under 2% and 0 3% respectively CONCLUSION:The consumption of the third generation cephalosporins has increased sharply In order to reduce and delay the bacteria resistance,it is very important to make measures as soon as possible to control the cephalosporins abuse strictly

OBJECTIVE:To construct the homologous recombination plasmid of sigB gene from staphylococcus aureus so as to provide the basis for further study of the formation mechanism of its biofilm.METHODS:The target fragment“upstream sequence of sigB,kana-resistance gene,and downstream sequence of sigB”were amplified by PCR from staphylococcus aureus DNA and pEGFP-N2plasmid,respectively,in which the terminals of3interlinked fragments were complementary,and re-stricted enzyme EcoRⅠand XhoⅠsite existed in the sequence terminal,respectively.The fragments were ligated with fusion PCR in turn.Then target fragment was recombinated into plasmid pBluescriptⅡSK(+)according to the instruction manual of commercial kits.After both recombination of pBluescriptⅡSK(+)and vector plasmid pGEM-7zf(+),restricted enzyme SacⅠand XhoⅠ,the homologous recombination plasmid pGEM-7zf(+)-sigB was finally made via T 4 ligation enzyme.RE-SULTS:The target fragments were amplified by PCR and were confirmed with the agarose gel electrophoresis and sequencing.CONCLUSION:The homologous recombination plasmid of sigB gene from staphylococcus aureus is constructed successfully.

Objective To understand the present situation of therapeutic drug monitoring(TDM)on cyclosporine A(CsA) application in renal transplant recipients.Methods The clinical data of the first postoperative month of 50 renal transplant cases admitted to our hospital during May 2000 to March 2005 were collected and retrospectively analyzed.Results Total 50 cases(male∶female= 3∶1) had accepted the trigeminy of CsA,prednisone and azamun.The average initial dose and average maintenance dose for the male were higher by 59.94 mg/d and 52.00 mg/d than that for the female(P

Objective To investigate the correlation of biofilm forming ability with biofilm associated gene of the clinically isolated Staphylococcus aureus for providing basis for the further studies of the mechanisms of biofilm formation.Methods Safranine staining was conducted for the detection of the forming ability of biofilm in 96-well plates.icaAD,icaBC,sar,agr and sigB was amplified by PCR.Results Formation of biofilm could be found macroscopically in 17 out of 27 strains,especially to X387 and X409.icaAD and icaBC were amplified in 22 isolates and sar,agr and sigB in all 27 S.aureus strains.Conclusion ica operon is the key gene for biofilm formation but cooperative action of other genes is needed during the process of biofilm formation.

Objective To study the macrolide-resistance,ability of biofilm formation and icaA-genetypes of 68 stains of clinically isolated Staphylococcus epidermidis(S.epidermidis) so as to explore the efficacy of macrolide to prevent biofilm-associated infections caused by S.epidermidis.Methods Minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) were detected by agar-plate dilution method,and microtiter-plate assay was used to investigate the ability of biofilm formation,and icaA genetype was identified by PCR.Results High macrolide-resistant rate(88.2%) was showed for clinical isolated S.epidermidis,and biofilms for macrolide-resistant strains were significantly stronger than that of macrolide-sensitive strains,but there was no dependability found between these two for icaA positive rate.Conclusion Frequently-used macrolide such as erythromycin,azithromycin,and clarithromycin may incompetence to prevent biofilm-associated infections caused by S.epidermidis.

OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for the reform of the postgraduate training mode of pharmaceutical professional degree. METHODS:Domestic literatures about postgraduate training mode of pharmaceutical professional degree from 2010 to 2013 were searched and combined with the current education situation in China to conclude and summarize the existing problems and reform strategy. RESULTS:Postgraduate education mode of pharmaceutical professional degree in China was still in the explor-atory stage,with shortage of teachers,unreasonable courses,unsound educational structure,nonsupport of the students,imperfec-tion evaluation systems,and so on. Further promoting the reform of postgraduate education mode needs to strengthen teacher teams ’construction,implement cooperative training;improve training program and teaching courses;strengthen dissertation applica-tion-oriented and practice base construction;fully mobilize the enthusiasm and motivation of students;promote the connection of pharmaceutical professional training and vocational qualifications;and improve the quality assurance systems. CONCLUSIONS:Further implementation of postgraduate training mode of pharmaceutical professional degree and postgraduate education of pharma-ceutical professional degree can train the applied talents that meet social needs,improve employment rate of postgraduates and re-duce waste of educational resources.

Objective To investigate the relationship between fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) and asthma predictive index (API) in infants under 3 years of age. Methods Totally 62 cases (under 3 years of age) who were hospitalized from June 2015 to June 2016 and had more than 3 times wheezing over the past year were enrolled in this study. They were divided into two groups according to API:API positive group with 37 cases and API negative group with 25 cases. FENO levels and peripheral blood eosinophil levels were detected and skin prick allergy test (inhalation and ingestion of allergens)was done in all selected children, did skin prick allergy test (inhalation and ingestion of allergens), simultaneous detected peripheral blood eosinophil levels. The parents of the children were investigated by questionnaire to know the children′ history about atopic dermatitis (such as urticaria, eczema, etc) and parents′ wheezing history. Above information was recorded and statistics analysis was made. Results There were no significant differences between two groups in atopic dermatitis inhalation and ingestion of allergens (P<0.01 or <0.05). The level of FENO in API positive group and API negative group was (16.70 ± 11.07), (13.52 ± 11.01) ppb(1 ppb=1 × 10- 9 mol/L), and there was significant difference (P<0.01). Conclusions There are associations between FENO and API, and they have good reference value in predicting the risk of asthma.

OBJECTIVE:To probe into the tendency and influencing factors of the drug expenses of the inpatients in our hospital.METHODS:The total drug expense,the antibiotic expense and its proportion in the total of the inpatients in our hospital were analyzed statistically in this retrospective study.RESULTS:During 2003～2007,the average daily total drug expense per inpatient was 371.77 yuan with average annual growth rate of 11.94%;the average daily antibiotics cost per inpatient was 110.35 yuan with average annual growth rate of 11.92%.Both the drug expense and antibiotic expense were correlated positively with the consumer price index (CPI).And the proportion of antibiotic expense in the total drug cost remained stable at about 29.68%.CONCLUSION:The average daily drug cost and antibiotic expenses per inpatient between 2003 and 2007 fluctuated yet with upward trend on the whole,and the proportion of antibiotic expense in the total drug cost remained stable.

OBJECTIVE:To survey and evaluate the current situation and developing trend of antibiotic/beta-lactamase inhibitor(BLI)preparations consumed.METHODS:The antibiotic/BLI preparations used in18hospitals of Chongqing in2001～2003were collected in respect to the compositions,dosage forms,specifications,drug name,manufacturers and sum of money for consumption,and the clinical application information was analysed.RESULTS:The sum of money for these antibi?otics/BLI consumed in the years2001,2002and2003were2229,2937and4119ten-thousand yuan(RMB),respectively,with an average annual increase rate of26.41%.Among them the consumption costs of antibiotics plus sulbactam,clavulanate and tazobactam were6280,2276and729ten-thousand yuan(RMB),accounting for67.64%,24.51%and7.85%of the total consumption sum,with an annual increase rates of32.20%,35.93%and94.50%,respectively.CONCLUSION:The consump?tion of the antibiotic/BLI preparations was increasing fast in these years and the more requirement for the antibiotic/BLI preparations by market would be expected in the future.

OBJECTIVE:To establish a database that contains the standard basic information of drugs.METHODS:The drug basic information was collected and coordinated,and the data included the category,commercial name,general name in Chinese and English,and the dosage form,specification,packaging and quantity etc.of the drug.The code was endued with one drug in accordance with this drug information and the code rules.RESULTS:A database comprised more than 65 000 items of the standard drug basic information was established.CONCLUSION:That such a database could be the footstone of the drug information managing and communication and be very important to the drug information share.