Objective To survey the prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)in urban areas of Hunan province and relevant risk factors and provide a basis of the prevention and treatment for COPD. Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted among 4248 residents, aged over 15, by a simple cluster random sampling method in Changsha, Hunan, Wulipai street North Station community. All the respondents filled out an unified epidemiological survey questionnaire. All of the respondents received examination for lung function. Those respondents showed FEV1/FVC ＜70% were further examined by ECG,X ray inspection for differential diagnosis. The data of epidemiological survey was analyzed by multivariate logistic regression method. Results The response rate was 92%. The total prevalence of COPD was 4. 81%.The prevalence of COPD in the males was 6. 6%, and 3. 0% in the females. The prevalence of COPD in the males was significantly higher than that in the females (x2 = 29. 915, P ＜ 0. 01). The prevalence increased with age increasing (P ＜0. 01). The more the education was, the lower the prevalence of COPD was. Risk factors analyzed with non-conditional logistic were as follow. The odd ratio (OR) for COPD in the age was 1.92(P ＜0. 01) and the odd ratio (OR) for COPD in the sex was 1.81 (P ＜0. 01). The weak lighting in house increased the risk with the OR of 4. 25(P ＜0. 01) and pet feeding further increased the risk with the OR of 12.08(P ＜0. 01). The odd ratio (OR) for COPD in the smokers was 1.74(P ＜0. 01) and the prevalence of COPD was related with smoking intensity (branch years of cigarette). Smoking intensity above 500 increased the risk of COPD. The passive smoking increased the risk with the OR of 16. 39(P ＜0. 01). The odd ratio (OR) for COPD in the paternal family history with chronic pulmonary disease was 2. 13(P ＜0. 01) and 2. 11 (P ＜ 0. 01) in the maternal family history. The odd ratio (OR)for COPD in the education degree was 0. 52(P ＜ 0. 01). Conclusions The prevalence of COPD was high in Changsha city, which might be attributed to the risk factors such as house lighting, pet feeding, cooking,aged, male, smoking, passive smoking, and family history. The education degree was the protective factor of COPD. We should intervene the relevant risk factors of COPD so that the prevalence of COPD might be cut down.

Objective To explore a simple and effective operative procedure for treatment of pa-tellar fractures.Methods The clinical data of 108 patients (including 76 males and 32 females) with patellar fractures were analyzed.The age of the patients ranged from 18 years to 82 years.There were 67 patellar fractures on the right extremities and 41 on the left.Fracture types included transfractures in 43 patients, comminuted fractures in 54, torn fractures in eight and longitudinal fractures in three.Period from injury to operation ranged from 3 hours to 10 days.During operation, the broken patella was exposed for reduction and temporary pliers fixation;then, a five-pointed star woven with two absorbable sutures was placed on the broken patella, two semi-circular sutures around the patellar edge were made with su-tures which were through five points of the five-pointed star.When two sutures were pulled and knotted,the five-pointed star was also stretched to fix the patellar fractures firmly.Models of transverse patellar fractures were made in 20 knee joints of catties, which were divided into two groups randomly.Patellar fractures in Group A were fixed with five-pointed star lattice sutures and those in Group B with AO inten-sion bands.Loading test was performed on quadriceps femoris with materials test system for measuring the width of each fractured patella after the test.Results All patients were followed up for 6-60 months (mean 20 months) , which showed that all patellar fractures were healed.According to Bostman scoring system, the efficacy was excellent in 76 patients and good in 32.The experiment showed no statistical difference in the fracture disjunction distance between two methods (P > 0.05).Conclusion For treatment of patellar fractures, five-pointed star lattice sutures have the advantages of simple operation,reliable fixation, early postoperative exercise, fast recovery, satisfactory outcome and free need of reoper-ation for removing internal fixation.

ObjectiveTo analyze the clinicopathological characteristics and survival time of penile cancer after surgery.MethodsThe clinicopathological data of 93 cases of penile cancers patients treated from January 2002 to December 2010 were collected retrospectively.The Kaplan-Meier method was used to draw the survival function and calculate the survival rate.Log-rank test was further used to compare survival difference.ResultsThe median age of the 93 patients was 51 years ( range,23 to 82).Squamous carcinoma was most common with 87 eases (93.5％) in our group.Sixty-one patients were successfully followed up and the median follow up duration was 28 months(range,2 to 89 months).All 3 cases of verrucous carcinoma had progression free survive after surgery after follow up of 12,19,and 67 months.In the 55 patients with penile invasive squamous carcinoma,11 patients died of metastatic disease with a median survival time of 10 months ( range,2 to 24 months).Two years cumulative survival rate was 75.7％ (95％ CI 63.0％ to 88.4％ ).Six cases of 12 patients with lymph node metastasis died of penile cancer while only 5 cases of 43 patients without lymphnode metastasis died.The survival difference was significant (log rank,P =0.000).ConclusionsSquamous carcinoma is the most common type,and patients with lymphnode metastasis have poor prognosis.Verrucous carcinoma has good prognosis.

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli（ETEC）infection can induce watery diarrhea，leading to dehydration，electrolyte disturbance，and even death in severe cases. Recombinant B subunit/inactivated whole-cell cholera（rBS/WC）vaccine is effective in preventing ETEC infectious diarrhea. On the basis of the latest evidence on etiology and epidemiology of ETEC，as well as the effectiveness，safety，and health economics of rBS/WC vaccine，National Clinical Research Center for Child Health（The Children’s Hospital，Zhejiang University School of Medicine）and Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention invited experts to develop expert consensus on rBS/WC vaccine in prevention of ETEC infectious diarrhea. It aims to provide the clinicians and vaccination professionals with guidelines on using rBS/WC vaccine to reduce the incidence of ETEC infectious diarrhea.