Objective To explore the effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on proliferation of neural stem cells (NSCs) in vitro. Methods The NSCs cultures were generated from the brain of embryonic day 16 SD rat. Primitive NSCs were cultured, proliferated and passaged. The NSCs were identified by the immunocytochemical (ICC) staining of Nestin. The ICC staining of BrdU was adopted to characterize the proliferation of NSCs. According to limited dilution method, the effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on the proliferation of NSCs was observed. Results The NSCs were successfully cultured and proliferated in vitro. Different dosages (100, 4, 8 ?mol/L) of ginsenoside Rg1 could promote the proliferation of NSCs in vitro. Compared with the control group, the numbers of nerurospheres of the three dosage ginsenoside Rg1 groups (40, 4, 0.4 ?mol/L) were increased obviously. Conclusions Ginsenoside Rg1 significantly promote the proliferation of NSCs in vitro.

Objective To investigate the mechanisms underlying the effect of 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) on cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in mice.Methods A model of cutaneous SCC was established in 21 SKH-1 hairless mice,which were treated with topical ALA 8％ cream followed by single irradiation with He-Ne laser at a total dose of 30 J/cm2 (ALA-PDT).Three mice were sacrificed before and at 1,3,6,12,24 hours and 7 days after the irradiation,separately,and SCC tissue was taken from the mice.Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) were performed to determine the pattern of tumor cell death(necrosis,apoptosis and autophagy) during 1-24 hours after ALA-PDT,and immunohistochemical techniques were used to estimate the expressions of LC3B and CD34 on SCC cells,as well as the quantity of CD1a+ cells,CD4+ T and CD8+ T lymphocytes in SCC tissue 7 days after the irradiation.Statistical analysis was done by two-sample t test using SPSS 17.0 software.Results TEM showed gradual necrosis and apoptosis (especially necrosis) of tumor cells and formation of autophagosomes in macrophages within 24 hours after ALA-PDT.The number of apoptotic cells per high power field (× 400) in SCC tissue significantly increased at 24 hours compared with that before ALA-PDT (7.30 ± 2.18 vs.2.00 ± 0.69,P ＜ 0.05).As immunohistochemistry revealed,there was a significant decrease in the number of CD34+ cells (1.33 ± 0.58 vs.19.00 ± 2.66,P＜ 0.01),but a marked increase in that of CD1a+ ce1ls (23.01 ± 2.04 vs.10.33 ± 1.88,P＜ 0.05),CD4+ T cells (28.67 ± 1.76 vs.12.40 ± 2.27,P＜ 0.05),CD8+ T cells (25.79 ± 2.37 vs.11.67 ± 1.45,P ＜ 0.05) and LC3B+ interstitial cells (30.6 ± 3.21 vs.21.44 ± 4.3,P ＜ 0.05) per high power field (× 400) in SCC tissue on day 7 compared with that before ALA-PDT.Conclusions ALA-PDT may directly kill SCC cells by inducing cell necrosis and apoptosis rather than autophagy.Additionally,ALA-PDT can injure microvascular endothelial cells and cause the aggregation of dendritic cells,CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells in SCC tissue.

Photoacoustic imaging is a kind of non-invasive technology without ionizing radiation that can be used to image optical absorbers in tumor tissues according to the principle of "light in and sound out". It has the advantages of high contrast of optical imaging as well as high penetrability of acoustic imaging. However, current researches on photoacoustic imaging are still limited in the laboratory. This technology can be used for detection of cutaneous melanoma in situ and non-melanoma skin cancer, sentinel lymph node imaging, detection and eradication of circulating tumor cells by combining real-time laser ablation technique, and versatile imaging and treatment with the aid of exogenous imaging agents. This review summarizes preclinical experiments about photoacoustic imaging technology in skin tumors, with a view to promoting its clinical application at an early date.

Objective To evaluate the relationship between vitamin D receptor(VDR) (rs731236)single nucleotide polymorphisms and genetic susceptibility to overweight/obesity in school-age children of Han and Kazakh in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.Methods The VDR gene rs731236 genotypes were detected by using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method in 250 overweight/obesity school-age children(127Han,123 Kazakh) and 255 healthy controls(131 Han,124 Kazakh) as well.Results (1)There were statistically significant differences in the frequencies of rs731236 genotypes and alleles between the healthy controls of Han and Kazakh (x2 =9.904,P =0.005;x2 =9.312,P =0.002).(2)There were statistically significant differences in the frequencies of TT/Tt + tt genotype and the alleles between the overweight/obesity cases and healthy controls of Kazakh (x2 =3.891,P =0.049 ; x2 =5.871,P =0.015).But the difference in frequencies of rs731236 genotypes and alleles between the overweight/obesity cases and controls of Han were not statistically significant (x2 =0.064,P =0.800 ; x2 =0.190,P =0.663).(3)There were statistically significant differences in the frequencies of TT/Tt + tt genotype and alleles between the overweight/obesity cases and healthy controls of male school-age children of Kazakh (x2 =5.25,P =0.02;x2 =4.57,P =0.03),but the differences in frequencies of rs731236 genotypes and alleles between the overweight/obesity cases and controls were not statistically significant in female school-age children of Kazakh (x2 =0.06,P =0.80 ; x2 =1.40,P =0.24).There was no statistically significant difference in the frequencies of TT/Tt + tt genotype and alleles between the overweight/obesity cases and healthy controls of female school-age children of Han (x2 =0.04,P =0.84 ; x2 =0.04,P =0.84),and there was no statistically significant difference in male school-age children of Han(x2 =0.05,P=0.82;x2 =0.18,P=0.67).Conclusions VDR gene(rs731236)polymorphism bears ethnic diffe-rence.The polymorphisms of VDR gene polymorphism rs731236 are not associated with the susceptibility to overweight/obesity in school-age children of Han,while it is associated with the susceptibility to overweight/obesity school-age children in Kazakh,especially in male school-age children.

Objective To investigate the relationship between β3 - adrenergic receptor(β3 - AR)gene poly-morphism and the susceptibility of occurrence in children obesity. Methods The database of PubMed,Web of Science,Springer Link,Medlink,SinoMed,Wanfang,VIP and CNKI were systematically browsed online. The study re-ports regarding β3 - AR associated with children obesity from January 1995 to February 2014 were included in the re-search. The data were extracted,evaluated and heterogeneity tested by using software RevMan 5. 1. Results A total of 162 related literature were retrieved,and 9 of them were eligible with 1 494 obese children and 1 623 normal children were included. Allele T compared with C,the differences between the study group and the control group were statistical-ly significant(P < 0. 05),the findings from the same TC + CC compared to TT and TC compared with TT + CC were similar. Japanese research findings were similar to those of China,but the differences between the study group and the control group had no statistical significance(P ﹥ 0. 05)in Hungary. The sensitivity analysis in each study was stable and the funnel graphics were basically symmetric. The results of sensitivity analysis and publication bias diagnostics demonstrated the reliability and stability of the Meta analysis. Conclusions TC + CC/ TT,TC/ TT + CC genotype and allele T/ C are related to the occurrence of childhood obesity in China,Japan,but there is no significant correlation with childhood obesity in Hungary. There are regional difference between β3 - AR gene polymorphism and genetic susceptibility to children obesity.

Objective To investigate the relationship of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) gene polymorphism and the suscepti-bility of childhood obesity Methods The database of PubMed, OVID, Science online, BMJ, Springer Link, Medlink, China Journal Full-text and Wanfang were systematically searched. The studies regarding ApoE polymorphism associated with child-hood obesity from March 1996 to March 2013 were included in the research. The data were extracted, evaluated and hetero-geneity tested using software Rev Man 5.0. Results A total of 84 related literature were retrieved, and 9 of them were eligible with 767 obese children and 867 normal children included. According to the heterogeneity test results, the relationship between ApoE gene allele,ε2,ε3,ε4 and childhood obesity occurs was analyzed by means of ifxed or random effect model. The results indicated that, comparing to children with normal body mass, the OR value and 95%CI of ApoE allele geneε2,ε3,ε4 in obese children were 1.10 (0.85, 1.43), 0.66 (0.55, 0.80), and 1.82 (1.31, 2.52) respectively. The differences ofε3 andε4 between normal and obese children were signiifcant (P<0.001) but notε2 (P=0.45). The sensitivity analysis in each study was stable and the funnel graphics were basically symmetric. Conclusions ApoE gene polymorphism is closely related to childhood obesity withε3 allele as a protective factor whileε4 allele as a risk factor.

AIM: To study the action of Yuyang Powder(Herba Swertiae, Corium Elephantis, Rhizoma Bletillae, etc.) on the experimental gastric ulcer. METHODS: The rat gastric ulcer models were induced by burned acetic acid, irritabillity stimulus, ethanol injure gastric mucosa and pyloric ligation, respectively. The ulcer was obsered and the content of gastric juice, gastric acidity and pepsin were measured. RESULTS: Yuyang Powder could significantly reduce the areas of ulcers, restrain gastric ulcer, promote gastric ulcer heal, reduce gastric juice volume, restrain gastric secretion (in pyloric ligation). CONCLUSION: Yuyang Powder has the preventive and therapeutic in gastric ulcer.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of light-emitting diode (LED) irradiation at 530 nm,630 nm and 850 nm in the treatment of photoaged skin.Methods A total of 14 adults with photoaged extensor forearm were recruited in this study.Three areas were selected at the extensor forearm in each of these subjects and received LED irradiation at 530 nm,630 nm and 850 nm,respectively,thrice a week for 12 sessions.Dermoscopy was used to visualize these areas before and after the irradiation,the Corueometer CM 825 to measure stratum corneum (SC) hydration,Tewameter TM 300 to determine transepidermal water loss (TEWL),and CM-2600d spectrophotometer to measure L* value and melanin index (MI).Tissue specimens were obtained from these areas irradiated with LED at 530 nm (n =5),630 nm (n =5) and 850 nm (n =4) separately before and 6 weeks after the initial irradiation,and subjected to histopathological examination.Results Both skin texture and pigmentation were improved in 10 and 7 testees after 12 sessions of LED irradiation at 630 nm and 850 nm,respectively,but the skin texture became rougher and pigmentation was increased in 7 testees after LED irradiation at 530 nm.After LED irradiation at 630 nm and 850 nm,the testees experienced an obvious increase in SC hydration ((37.9 ± 7.7) au and (34.5 ± 7.1) au at 6 weeks after the initial irradiation vs.(33.1 ± 6.1) au and (32.0 ± 7.0) au before irradiation,both P ＜ 0.05),but a significant decrease in TEWL value ((9.8-± 2.5) and (10.9 ± 2.5) g·m-2·h-1 at 6 weeks after the initial irradiation vs.(14.0 ± 1.8) and (14.2 ± 2.6) g·m-2·h-1 before irradiation),with no significant changes in L* value or MI (both P ＞ 0.05).No evident alteration was observed in SC hydration or TEWL value (both P ＞ 0.05),while the L* value significantly decreased (P ＜ 0.05) and MI increased (P ＜ 0.05) after LED irradiation at 530 nm.Histopathological examination showed photo-induced denaturation of collagen fibers and elastic fibers in the dermis of these subjects before irradiation,as well as nascent collagen fibers and elastic fibers in a more dense and regular arrangement after irradiation at the three wavelengths.Conclusions LED irradiation at both 630 nm and 850 nm can improve the appearance and barrier function of,and stimulate the proliferation and rearrangement of collagen fibers and elastic fibers in,photoaged skin,while LED irradiation at 530 nm increases skin pigmentation.

Objective To investigate intestinal bacteria genera distribution between normal weight and overweight/obesity school-age children in Yili region of Xinjiang.Methods Selecting eligible 150 fecal samples from school-age children (aged from 7 to 13 years old),all samples were divided into normal weight group and overweight/obesity group according to the body mass index (BMI),and each group contained 75 samples.Fecal samples were collected and DNA was extracted,then 6 types of intestinal bacteria genera were detected by the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction.Results The distribution of age,gender,ethnicity and hip circumference between 2 groups had no statistically significance (all P ＞ 0.05),except that of BMI and waist circumference (t ＝ 20.740,8.533,all P ＜ 0.01).The concentration of Lactobacillus,Clostridium and Enterococcus were significantly higher in the obese/overweight children (t =9.735,9.681,26.070,all P ＜ 0.01),whereas no significant differences were found in the concentration of Escherichia,Bifidobacterium and Bacteroides between 2 groups.According to the stratified analysis of ethnicity,gender and age,there was no significant difference among Han,Kazakh and Uyghur children.While stratified by gender,Bifidobactcrium was significantly lower in girls than that of boys (t =4.931,P ＜ 0.05).The distribution of the 6 types of intestinal bacteria genera was no statistically significant among different ethnicity,gender and age groups.Conclusions The intestinal bacteria genera number distribution in different ethnicity,gender and age groups makes no sense.The 16SrRNA type number of the Lactobacillus,Clostridium and Enterococcus may be associated with childhood obesity.

Aim To explore the effects of astragaloside(AS)on the proliferation of neural stem cells(NSCs).Methods The NSCs of embryonic day(E)16 SD rat were cultured in vitro.The NSCs were identified by the immunocytochemical(ICC)staining of Nestin.The ICC staining of BrdU was adopted to characterize the proliferation of NSCs.The number of neurospheres and the ICC staining of BrdU were performed to identify their proliferation properties.Real time RT-PCR technique was used to investigate the proliferation mechanisms of the AS on the NSCs.Results Characteristic protein(Nestin)of NSCs labeling,BrdU labeling were positive showed by immunocytochemical staining.The ICC of BrdU labeling results showed that different dosages of AS could promote the proliferation of NSCs in vitro.The proliferation rate of NSCs was increased extremely significant(P