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Objective To analyze the clinical manifestations,treatment and prognosis of adult medulloblastoma (MB).Methods A total of 163 cases of adult MB,confirmed by surgical and pathological diagnosis,were retrospectively analyzed about the clinical manifestations,imaging,treatment and prognosis.There are 108 males and 55 females in the group,whose average age was 28.6-year-old.Results The main clinical manifestations include headache,nausea,vomiting,dizziness,gait disturbance,hypopsia,diplopia,hearing loss and cerebellum crisis.Gross total resection was achieved in 90 cases,subtotal resection in 67 cases and biopsy in 6 cases.Survival time from surgery to progression or death or the last date of follow-up were measured and estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method.Among a total of 160 follow-up patients with MB,postoperative overall survival time was from 7 to 170 months,median survival time was (127±6) months (95％ CI 115.3-138.68).The 5-year overall survival time of adult MB patients was 73.1％ (120/163).The log-rank test was used to compare the significance of the following prognostic variables.Among all clinical factors,patients undergoing the craniospinal irradiation had a significantly better survival rate than those without this treatment (44 months vs 34 months,x2 =8.712,P =0.003).Conclusion Good therapeutic effect of MB be achieved by adopting surgical resection with early enough craniospinal irradiation.Recurrence and metastasis are the two main factors for bad prognosis in adult MB.

Objective To explore the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts from 2 sources co-cultured with SD rat Schwann cells(SCs) . Methods Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) were obtained by washing the femoral and tibial bone marrow cavities in SD rats. Osteoblast differentiation of the third passage of BMSCs was induced by incubation in osteogenic medium. Primary rat calvarial osteoblasts were obtained by digestion of the calvarial bone in one day old SD rats. The cells were cultured in DMEM supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum(FBS) . SCs of passage 2 were obtained by digestion of sciatic nerve. The SCs were identified by S-100. The proliferation of 2 kinds of osteoblasts co-cultured with SCs was tested using 96 co-culture plate by methyl thiazdyl tetrazolium(MTF). Real-time PCR was used to test the osteoblast differentiation through co-culturing with SCs in 3 d and 7 d. The osteoblasts were implanted in the subtus chamber. The SCs were implanted in the superior chamber. Results SCs enhanced significantly the proliferation of calvarial osteoblasts at 7 time points. The expression levels of OPN mRNA, OCN mRNA, ALP mRNA, and BMP-2 mRNA of the osteoblasts were significantly lower in the experiment group than in the control group in 3 d and 7 d. SCs also enhanced significantly the proliferation of the induced osteoblasts in 5 d, 7 d and 9 d. The expression levels of OPN mRNA, OCN mRNA, ALP mRNA, and BMP-2 mRNA of the induced osteoblasts were significantly higher in the experiment group than in the control group in 3 d and 7 d, except the level of ALP mRNA in 7 d.Conclusions The BMSCs-induced osteoblasts cocultured with SCs may be used as seed cells to construct neurotized tissue engineered bone.

Objective To investigate whether tissue engineered bone with implanted vascular bun-dles can up-regulate release of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in models of femoral defect in rabbits.Methods Thirty-two rabbits were randomized into 2 even groups.In both groups, a segmental bone defect of 15 mm in length was made at the left femur before a tissue engineered bone was inserted into the defect.In the experimental group, a femoral vascular bundle was implanted into the tissue engineered bone.In the control group, there was no vascular implantation.At 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks after implantation, samples were taken to determine new bone formation by histology and expression level of VEGF by immuno-histochemistry.Results The new bone formation was significantly higher in the experimental group at the end of 4, 8, and 12 weeks(P < 0.05) .The expression level of VEGF in the experimental group was also significantly higher than in the control group at all time points after operation, and the expression of VEGF peaked at 4 weeks.Conclusion Tissue engineered bone with vascular bundle implanted can up-regulate VEGF release in models of femoral defect in rabbits.

Objective:To obtain a high specificity and high affinity anti-human PD-L1 monoclonal antibody which can be used for clinical diagnosis and block PD-L1 and PD-1 binding.Methods:BALB/c mice were immunized with recombinant PD-L1 protein.The positive cell clones stably secreting anti-human PD-L1 monoclonal antibody were obtained by classical hybridoma cell fusion technique.The specificity,affinity,subtype and other characteristics of the antibody were identified by ELISA.Immunofluorescence and indirect immunofluorescence were used to detect the tumor cells.Antibody blocking activity was confirmed by tumor killing test.Results:Two cell strains stably secreting monoclonal antibodies against human PD-LI were screened out.Abl and Ab2 had high titer and affinity.The antibody titers were 1:2.56×106 and 1:3×105,and the affinity was 1.5×109 L/mol and 2.5×10s L/mol respectively.There was no cross reaction between these two antibodies and PD-L2.Immunoblotting,indirect immunofluorescence confirmed that the antibody can be used to the diagnosis.Experiment showed that PD-L1 antibodies can increases tumor-killing activity of CIK cells.Conclusion:Two hybridoma cell lines capable of stably secreting highly specific and high affinity anti-human PD-L1 monoclonal antibody are obtained.They can specifically bind to PD-L1 molecules on tumor cells and can be used to the diagnosis of tumor phenotype and prognosis.Antibody blocking function can be applied to combined CIK cell immunotherapy.

Objective To investigate the effect of moderate treadmill exercise together with modified hydroxyapatite chitosan composite hydrogel (CS/HA-g-CS) implantation on repair of full-thickness defects of articular cartilage in rats.Methods Full-thickness cartilage defects were drilled in the patellar groove of bilateral femoral condyles in a total of 24 male SD rats before they were randomly assigned into 4 groups.The control group (BC group) was subjected to no exercise or CS/HA-g-CS implantation;the chitosan group (CHI group) to CS/HA-g-CS implantation without exercise;the moderate treadmill exercise group (MIR group) to exercise 4 weeks after modeling without CS/HA-g-CS implantation;the CHI + MIR group to moderate treadmill exercise plus CS/HA-g-CS implantation 4 weeks after modeling.Half of the animals were sacrificed at week 8 and half at week 16 after operation.Femoral condyles were harvested for gross observation and histochemical measurement by O' Driscoll scoring system.mRNA expressions of glycosaminoglycan,collagen type Ⅱ and BMP-2 were detected by RT-PCR.Results Gross observation revealed:at 8 weeks after modeling,the CHI + MIR group was significantly better than the other 3 groups,with the BC group in the poorest (P ＜ 0.05);at 16 weeks after modeling,the BC group was significantly poorer than the other 3 groups (P ＜0.05) among which there were no significant differences (P ＞ 0.05).O 'Driscoll scoring revealed:at both 8 and 16 weeks after modeling,the CHI + MIR group was significantly better than the other 2 groups and the BC group significantly poorer than the other 3 groups (P ＜ 0.05) but there was no significant difference between the MIR and CHI + MIR groups(P ＞ 0.05).The expressions of collagen type Ⅱ,glycosaminoglycan and BMP-2 were significantly higher in the CHI + MIR group than in the other 3 groups (P ＜ 0.05) and significantly lower in the BC group than in the other 3 groups (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Moderate treadmill exercise together with CS/HA-g-CS implantation has significant positive effects on repair of full-thickness defects of articular cartilage in rats than merely moderate treadmill exercise or CS/HA-g-CS implantation alone.The defective cartilage repaired by moderate treadmill exercise together with CS/HA-g-CS implantation contains more collagen type Ⅱ and glycosaminoglycan and shows morphology of nearly normal cartilage.

Objective To explore whether the respective implantation of vascular bundles and sensory nerve tracts into a tissue-engineered bone will affect the expression of CGRP (Calcitonin gene related peptide) and its receptor. Methods Fifty-four New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into 3 even groups for implantation of sensory nerve tracts (group A),implantation of vascular bundles (group B),and a control group of simple tissue-engineered bone (group C) . Animals were sacrificed 4,8,12 weeks after implantation,respectively. Masson staining was conducted to observe the process of bone formation and re-molding. CGRP and CGRPR-1 expressions in the new bone were measured by immunohistochemistry and Real-time PCR at 4,8 and 12 weeks after implantation. Results At all time points,the CGRP and CGRPR-1 expressions in groups A and B were significantly higher than in group C (P<0.05),and those in group A were higher than in group B too (P<0.05) . Over time,the expressions of CGRP and CGRPR-1 mRNA in each group in the new bone tissue were gradually reduced after an initial increase. The neuropeptide expression at the 8th week was higher than those at the 4th and 12th weeks. The neuropeptide expression at the 4th week was the lowest. The expression of CGRP was mainly localized in the periphery of newly generated bone,periosteum and the blood vessels. The expression of CGRPR-1 was mainly localized in the periphery of osteoblasts. Conclusions Implantation of either vascular bundles or sensory nerve tracts can promote neuropeptide secretion. The vascular bundle implantation may result in higher expressions of CGRP and CGRPR-1 than sensory nerve tract implantation.

Objective:To study the correlation between the quartering of nerve root subsidence sign (NRS) and the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the narrow segment thecal sac in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS).Methods:The data of 203 LSS patients in the Fourth People′s Hospital of Hengshui from January 2020 to December 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. All patients underwent MRI cross sectional scanning. The patients were divided into positive type a group ( n=62), positive type b group ( n=32), positive type c group ( n=51), and negative group ( n=58) by NRS quartering method. The minimum CSA, median sagittal diameter (PAD), and lateral recess sagittal diameter of each group were compared. The correlation between NRS quartering classification and the minimum CSA and related indicators of lumbar spinal stenosis was analyzed. Results:The minimum CSA, PAD, and sagittal diameter of the lateral recess in the positive a group, positive b group, and positive c group were all smaller than those in the negative group, while the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) score and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) were higher than those in the negative group; The minimum CSA, PAD, and sagittal diameter of the lateral recess in the positive b type and positive c type groups were smaller than those in the positive a type group, while the VAS score and ODI index were higher than those in the positive a type group; The minimum CSA, PAD, and sagittal diameter of the lateral recess in the positive c type group were smaller than those in the positive b type group; The VAS score and ODI index were higher than those of the positive b type group; The differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05). 203 patients were divided into 54 normal cases, 58 mild stenosis cases, 49 moderate stenosis cases, and 42 severe stenosis cases based on the minimum CSA. The coincidence rate between negative NRS and minimal CSA diagnosis as normal was 94.44%(51/54), the coincidence rate between positive type a and minimal CSA diagnosis as mild stenosis was 84.48%(49/58), the coincidence rate between positive type b and minimal CSA diagnosis as moderate stenosis was 53.06%(26/49), and the coincidence rate between positive type c and minimal CSA diagnosis as severe stenosis was 90.48%(38/42). Using the kappa consistency test, the kappa value for quantitative diagnosis of minimum CSA stenosis in NRS and LSS patients was 0.743, indicating good consistency. The kappa values for quantitative diagnosis of NRS, sagittal diameter of lateral recess, and PAD stenosis were 0.271 and 0.335, with poor consistency. NRS typing was negatively correlated with CSA and PAD ( r=-0.723, -0.581, all P<0.001), and positively correlated with VAS score and ODI index ( r=0.473, 0.640, all P<0.001). Conclusions:The NRS quartering method has a good consistency in diagnosing the severity of LSS patients and the minimum CSA of stenosis segments, suggesting that the NRS quartering method can better reflect the degree of Spinal stenosis, which can not only be used as an auxiliary indicator for qualitative diagnosis of LSS, but also has a high value in quantitative diagnosis.

Different from neurons in the peripheral nervous system, mature neurons in the mammalian central nervous system often fail to regenerate after injury. Recent studies have found that calcium transduction, injury signaling, mitochondrial transportation, cytoskeletal remodeling and protein synthesis play essential roles in axon regeneration. Firstly, axon injury increases the intracellular concentration of calcium, and initiates the injury signaling pathways including cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-protein kinase A (PKA) and dual leucine kinase (DLK), which are found to promote axon regeneration in multiple animal injury models. The second step for axonal regrowth is to rebuild growth cones. Overexpressing proteins that promote dynamics of microtubules and actin filaments is beneficial for the reassembly of cytoskeletons and initiation of new growth cones. Thirdly, mitochondria, the power factory for cells, also play important roles in growth cone formation and axonal extension. The last but not the least important step is the regulation of gene transcription and protein translation to sustain the regrowth of axons. This review summarizes important findings revealing the functions and mechanisms of these biological progresses.