Objective To examine the effect of simvastatin treatment on Parkinson's disease rats induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and its mechanism.Methods The LPS-PD model was established by injection of LPS (5 mg/mL) into the right substantia nigra compacta (SNC),and rats were randomly divided into control group,LPS-model group and simvastatin treatment group with 15 rats in each group.Rats in the simvastatin treatment group was intraperitoneally administered simvastatin (5 mg/kg) before,and daily for 14 days after surgery,while the control group and LPS-model group received same volume normal saline and LPS respectively.Ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba-1)-positive cells and the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH),tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in the SNC were detected by immunohistochemistry,Western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,respectively.The effect of simvastatin in the PD model was also examined in behavioral tests.Results The LPS-model group exhibited typical animal PD behaviors.Compared with the control group,the LPS-model group exhibited a decreased number of DA neurons,and comparison of the intact side to reduce 81.13％ (P＜0.01) in the SNC,as well as increases in the Iba-1-positive cell number,iNOS,IL-1β and TNF-α expression (P＜0.05).These effects were inhibited by simvastatin treatment (P＜0.05).Conclusion Simvastatin mediates a protective effect on dopaminergic neurons in the SNC in the LPS-PD model,possibly by inhibiting glial cells (astrocytes and microglia) activation,and playing an anti-inflammatory role,thus improving substantia nigra function.

Objective To investigate the effect and safety of different polyethylene glycol 4000 (PEG)oral regimen on cleanliness of bowel preparation.Methods 280 patients received painness colonoscopy examination were randomly divided into A,B and C groups:group A which drank 1 L of PEG solution the day before colonoscopy and the rest 3 L in the morning at the day of colonoscopy;group B drank 2 L of PEG solution the day before colonoscopy and the rest 2 L in the morning at the day of colonoscopy;group C drank 4 L of PEG solution in the morning at the day of colonoscopy.Bowel cleanliness after taking the drug,stool frequency and adverse events before colonoscopy were observed.Results Group A had better bowel preparation compare with group B (P＜0.05),which was similar to that of group C(P＞0.05);But group A had lower incidence of abdominal distension(abdominal pain),nausea(vomiting) than group C(P＜0.05);and group B had worse sleep quality and more defecate frequency than the other two groups(P＜0.05).Conclusion Drink 1 L of PEG solution the day before colonoscopy and the rest 3 L in the morning at the day of colonoscopy provided a better quality preparation and with less adverse reaction,especially suitable for patients with poor quality of sleep,poor health and severe constipation.

Objective:To investigate the neuroprotective effects of simvastatin on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced rat model ofParkinson's disease(PD) and the mechanisms involved.Methods:Hemiparkinsonian rat models were induced by stereotaxieal injection ofLPS in the right substantia nigra compacta.After2 weeks of simvastatin treatment, rotational behavior test was performed after the intraperitoneal injection of apomorphine.Expression of tyroxine hydroxylase (TH) and glial fibrillary acidic protein were analyzed through immunohistochemical staining of substantia nigra and striatum, and the level ofTNF-α was evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Results:Comparing with untreated group, behavioral symptoms of the rats were significantly less in the rats that received simvastatin treatment.TheTH positive cell count in substantia nigra and striatum were significantly increased(P<0.05) andTNF-α expression was significantly decreased(P<0.05) in simvastatin group compared to untreated group.Conclusions:Simvastatin could effectively inhibit the activation of astrocytes, reduceTNF-α expression, and exert anti-inflammatory effects, and thus protect the dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra and striatum of the rat model ofPD.

Objective To investigate the relationship between the nerve growth factor ( NGF ) induced hippocampal neuroregeneration and homeobox gene Lhx 8.Methods Seventy-two SD rats were divided into control group , transected group, NGF group, transected combined with NGF group after right fimbria-fornix transection and NGF intracerebroventricular injection . Real-time PCR and Western blotting were applied to detect the gene and protein expression of Lhx8 in each group.The choline acetyltransferase ( ChAT)/Lhx8 double labeled cells in subgranular zone ( SGZ) of hippocampus in each group were detected by immunofluorescence .Results The expression of Lhx8 gene and protein in the transected , NGF group and especially in the transected combined with NGF group was obviously higher than in the control group .The number of ChAT/Lhx8 double labeled cells in the NGF group and the transected combined with NGF group was obviously more than in the control group and transected group . Conclusion The hippocampal neuroregeneration which induced by NGF intracerebroventricular injection was associated with the higher expression of Lhx8.

OBJECTIVE:To put forward relevant suggestions for promoting the R&D cooperation in biomedical field in China. METHODS:Information of all invention co-patents in biomedical fields during 2000-2015 in patent database was collected,includ-ing year,patent name,application number,applicant,patent address,etc.,and descriptive statistical analysis was conducted. RE-SULTS:The number of invention co-patents in biomedical fields had been increasing year by year,and the number of invention co-patents in 2015 was about 9 times than that in 2000. Invention co-patents mainly came from Beijing,Shanghai and Guangdong,accounting for 49.1%. The top 15 applicants had 983 invention co-patents in total,accounting for 8.9% of the total number of co-patents,7 of which were enterprises. And in the invention co-patents applied by the top 10 cities for GDP ranking in 2014,inven-tion co-patents applied by enterprises,scientific research institutions(include hospitals)and universities accounted for 56.2% of all patents. CONCLUSIONS:The R&D cooperation in biomedical fields has mainly focused on a few developed provinces and cities, with low concentration of invention co-patents;the R&D cooperation is mainly led by enterprises,and hospitals have low participa-tion. The government should establish national biomedical information sharing platform,raise the R&D cooperation awareness of large-scale pharmaceutical enterprises and encourage hospitals to actively participate in R&D cooperation activities in biomedicine fields.

Objective To predict clinical chemotherapy sensitivity of primary ovarian cancer by jointing adenosine triphosphate(ATP) - tumor chemo-sensitivity assay(TCA) method in vitro and detection of drug resistance genes, provide reference for clinical treatment. Methods Forty-seven primary epithelial ovarian tumor samples were collected from the patients who received cytoreductive surgery. Viable ovarian cancer cells obtained from malignant tissue were tested for their sensitivity to carboplatin (CBP), cisplatin (DDP), paclitaxel(PTX) and CBP + PTX using ATP-TCA method in vitro; at same time, real-time quantitative PCR was used to analysis BRCA1 and ERCC1 mRNA relative expression in forty-six specimens (1 frozen tumor samples mRNA were not detected due to serious degradation). The relationship between ATP-TCA test results, clinical indicators, and the effectiveness of the joint prediction on clinical chemosensitivity by combining these two methods were statistically analyzed using chi-square test. Results (1)The results showns that three programs of DDP,CBP and PTX + CBP were significantly related with clinical results(P<0.05) in vitro, in which the compliance rate in PTX + CBP program was the highest 83%(39/47) ,and the predictive sensitivity, predictive specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and predictive accurate rate were 90%,71%,84% and 80% ,respectively.PTX + CBP combined in vitro test results was also related with residual tumor size and neoadjuvant chemotherapy, which was more prone to drug resistance with residual tumor larger than 2 cm (P = 0. 023) and with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (P = 0.011). (2) BRCA1 mRNA expression levels in the clinical-resistant group and the clinical-sensitive group was 0.673 ± 2.143 and - 1.436 ± 2.594 (P=0.008), ERCC1 mRNA expression levels in the clinical-resistant group and the clinical-sensitive group was -0.529 ± 1.982 and - 3.188 ±2.601 (P =0.001). There were also significant correlation among the expression levels of BRCA1 ,ERCC1 mRNA and clinical efficacy (P<0.01). (3)ATP-TCA and detection of drug resistance genes combined to predict the clinical application of PTX + CBP resistance may occur in 8/9 cases. Conclusions ATP-TCA may be an ideal method of in vitro drug sensitivity testing method, which could effectively predict clinical chemotherapy sensitivity. Combination of the drug-resistant associated genes detection method and the ATP-TCA method can increase the predictive effectiveness of ovarian cancer chemosensitivity and guide individual chemotherapy of ovarian cancer.

Objective To investigate the protective effect of prenatal astaxanthin treatment against cognitive impairment in adult offspring induced by exposure to maternal seizures in utero.Methods Female adult Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups:control group,astaxanthin group,kindling group and kindling+astaxanthin group.Each rat was implanted with electrodes.Those in the kindling and kindling+astaxanthin groups were kindled once a day by electrical stimulation of the amygdala.All rats were allowed to mate after one week's amygdala kindling.Rats in the kindling and kindling+astaxanthin groups continued to be treated with electrical stimulation every 48 hours from gestational day 1 to 20,and those in the astaxanthin and kindling+astaxanthin groups were injected intraperitoneally with 30 mg/(kg · d) of astaxanthin simultaneously.Naturally delivered offspring were raised till 12 weeks of age.Morris water maze test was performed to assess the cognitive function of adult offspring.Changes in the morphology of hippocampus were observed with Nissal's staining and transmission electron microscope.Expression of cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein (CREB) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in adult offsprings' hippocampus tissues at protein and mRNA levels were determined using Western-blotting and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.Analysis of variance and LSD test were used as statistical methods.Results Morris water maze test showed that from the 3rd day to the 5th day,the kindling group had significantly longer escape latency [(36.33 ±7.85),(28.80± 8.41),(29.50± 11.72) s] than the control [(28.90±7.46),(17.59±9.12),(10.40±3.69) s] and kindling+astaxanthin groups [(28.30±5.75),(18.37±3.39),(15.23±6.63) s] (F=3.601,9.811 and 14.226,all P＜0.05).In probe trials,the kindling group had significantly fewer platform crossings as compared with the control and kindling+astaxanthin groups [(4.40± 1.71) vs (7.20± 1.62) and (6.50±1.84) times,F=6.586,P=0.001].The kindling group spent dramatically less time in the target quadrant than the control and kindling+astaxanthin groups [(27.35±7.63) vs (58.29± 10.48) and (40.41 ± 7.06) s,F=25.825,P＜0.001].Nissl staining showed that hippocampal neurons of offspring in the control group were normal,but there was hippocampal damage in the kindling group and the damage was more severe than that in the kindling+astaxanthin group.Electron microscope observation showed that neurons and synapses in the hippocampal CA1 area of offspring in the control group were normal.However,obvious damage to neurons and synapses was induced in the kindling group and that was worse than the damage induced in the kindling+astaxanthin group.Expression of CREB and BDNF protein in the kindling group (0.19±0.06and 0.32 ±0.04,respectively) were significantly lower than those in the control (0.81 ±0.11 and 0.93 ± 0.04,respectively) and kindling+astaxanthin groups (0.60± 0.07 and 0.80±0.06,respectively) (F were 34.015and 71.074,both P＜0.001).Moreover,the kindling group showed decreased expression of CREB and BDNF mRNA (0.48 ± 0.11 and 0.43± 0.08,respectively) as compared with the control (1.02± 0.65 and 0.99± 0.09,respectively) and kindling+astaxanthin groups (0.89±0.15 and 0.96±0.13,respectively) (F were 13.447 and 21.912,both P＜0.01).Conclusion Treatment with astaxanthin could ameliorate the cognitive impairment and pathological damage in hippocampus of adult offspring induced by exposure to maternal seizures in utero through regulating the CREB-BDNF signal pathway.

Objective:To investigate the effect of early gradual diet on reducing delirium in elderly patients with hip arthroplasty.Methods:From January 2018 to January 2020, 74 cases of hip arthroplasty patients aged over 65 years old who were treated in the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University were selected as the observation objects. They were randomly divided into experimental group and control group with 37 cases in each group. The experimental group was given early gradual diet on the basis of routine postoperative care, while the control group was given routine postoperative diet on the basis of routine postoperative care. The incidence of postoperative delirium, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), patient satisfaction rate, average hospitalization days and average hospitalization expenses were used to evaluate the effect of early gradual diet on reducing delirium in elderly patients with hip arthroplasty.Results:The incidence of delirium in the experimental group was 2.70% (1/37) and 16.22% (6/37) in the control group, the difference was statistically significant ( χ2 value was 3.945, P<0.05); the hospitalization days of the experimental group were (10.68±5.13) d, (13.62±7.19) d in the control group. The difference of hospitalization days was statistically significant ( t value was 2.877, P<0.01). The incidence of difficulty in falling asleep and the satisfaction rate of the experimental group were 8.11% (3/37) and 94.59% (35/37) respectively, and those in the control group were 29.73% (11/37) and 78.38% (29/37) respectively, and the differences were statistically significant ( χ2 value was 5.638, 4.163, P<0.05). Conclusions:Early gradual diet after operation can reduce the incidence of delirium in elderly patients with hip arthroplasty, shorten the average hospitalization days, reduce the incidence of difficulty in falling asleep, improve patients' satisfaction, and help patients to pass through the perioperative period more safely and comfortably.

Osteoporosis is a metabolic bone disease characterized by decreased bone mass and degenerative changes in the microstructure of bone tissue, leading to increased bone brittleness and fracture risk. Bone fracture after osteoporosis is the most common and serious complication, which often leads to serious consequences in cases of inadequate prevention and late diagnosis. Therefore, more attention should be paid to prevention of osteoporosis and risk assessment of fracture and refracture after osteoporosis. This paper reviews the research progress in risk assessment of fracture and refracture after osteoporosis from the aspects of imaging, clinical manifestations and laboratory examination indexes. In recent years, the imaging methods have developed from dual-energy X-ray absorption, trabecular bone scoring and CT to high resolution peripheral quantitative CT; concern for their clinical manifestations has developed from independent risk factors to fracture risk assessment tools; the laboratory tests have developed from bone turnover markers and serotonin to microRNA. Although these developments have consistently increased the sensitivity of risk assessment for fracture and refracture after osteoporosis, problems still exist and need to be resolved.