Epilepsy is a group of chronic diseases characterized by recurrent and transient brain dysfunction induced by abrupt and intermittent abnormal discharge of neurons in the brain, which is difficult to be cured. Thee auricular concha are is he zone of visera in TCM auricular points, but also the innervating area of the auricular brach of the vagus nerve. Auricular acupuncture, as a special treatment, has superior therapeutic effect for epilepsy. In recent years, remarkable progress has been made in the theoretical basis and clinic application of auricular acupuncture for epilepsy, and the ear-vagus percutaneous electrical stimulation apparatus (auricular acupuncture apparatus) is developed for clinical trial researches. From the basic study to clinical research of auricular acupuncture for epilepsy, the epilepsy pathogenesis as well as the intervention pathway and clinical efficacy of auricular: experimental support and rich clinical experience for auricular acupuncture apparatus.
Acupuncture Points ; Acupuncture, Ear ; instrumentation ; methods ; Ear ; innervation ; Epilepsy ; therapy ; Humans

The transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) was researched and developed based on traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) auricular acupuncture (AA),vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) and anatomy.It is a typical representative of TCM modernization.Meanwhile,taVNS does not require surgery,with low cost,and has almost no side effects.Most importantly,it ensures a comparable efficiency as the classic VNS.The taVNS regulates the autonomic neural function as its core,opens up a new principle of peripheral nerve-brain network-body function,and has made breakthroughs in the treatment of epilepsy and depression.Other indications of taVNS contain disorders of consciousness (DOC),autism spectrum disorder (ASD),Alzheimer's disease (AD),and etc.The further improvement of taVNS technique will definitely benefit a wider range of patients.

Acupoints are surface reaction and treatment spots under the pathological conditions which have functions of diagnosis and treatment. For the study of acupoints, we can carry it out from the aspects of structure and function. The two aspects have a close relationship. Structure is the material basis of function, while function is the manifesta-tion of structure. Therefore, the study of acupoints is not only significant to reveal the essence of acupoint, but also has enormous value in the guidance of acu-moxibustion for clinical practice. Staring from the normality of structure and variability of function, we explored the essence of acupoints, and further revealed ordered regulation rule and its biological basis, so that the essence of acupuncture points will be illustrated with scientific evidences.

This study was aimed to compare the effects of acupuncture stimulation on different acupoints, which included LR14-Qimen, ST25-Tianshu, GB34-Yanglingquanand CO11-pancreas and gallbladder (auricular vagus nerve intensively distributed areas) on gallbladder pressure and Oddi sphincter function of guinea pig, in order to discuss acupuncture effect on different acupoints in the regulation of motor function of extrahepatic biliary system. A total of 20 adult guinea pigs of both sexes were randomly divided into two groups, with 10 in each group. The detection was made on changes of Oddi sphincter electromyography and gallbladder pressure before and after acupuncture. A double-hook electrode was implanted into the Oddi sphincter for the detection of Oddi sphincter electromyography. And one small artificial balloon was put into the gallbladder to measure the intrabiliary pressure. After the guinea pig was anesthetized, changes of gallbladder pressure as well as the electromyography frequency and amplitude index of Oddi sphincter of the normal guinea pig were recorded. When the guinea pig was stabilized, acupuncture was given on LR14, ST25, GB34 and CO11 for 1 min. Observations were made on acupuncture effects of gallbladder pressure and Oddi sphincter function of guinea pig. The results showed that after acupuncture on LR14 and ST25, the electromyography frequency of Oddi sphincter was obviously increased compared with before acupuncture (frequency:P < 0.01, amplitude:P < 0.05); the gallbladder pressure was obviously decreased (P < 0.05). After acupuncture on CO11 and GB34, the electromyography frequency and amplitude index of Oddi sphincter were obviously decreased compared with before acupuncture (P < 0.05); the gallbladder pressure was obviously increased (P < 0.01). It was concluded that acupuncture on LR14 and ST25 can obviously inhibit the movement of gallbladder and promote the myoelectricity release of Oddi sphincter. Acupuncturing on CO11 and GB34 can apparently promote the shrinking movement of gallbladder and inhibit the myoelectricity release of Oddi sphincter.

The physiological mechanism underlying the acupoint sensitization was evaluated systemically by using the method of electric physiology at spinal cord, medulla, and thalamus levels; the dynamic change of acupoint from the relative "silence" to the relative "activation" function was explained through the study on the dynamic process of acupoint sensitization; the biological process of the therapeutic effect of acupoint stimulation was illuminated through the research of the central mechanism underlining the dose effect relationship between the sensitive acupoint and the related brain area, thus scientific evidence for the functional link between the acupoint and internal organs as well as the nature of the acupoint were provided.
Acupuncture Points ; Acupuncture Therapy ; Animals ; Humans ; Moxibustion ; Nociceptors ; physiology ; Sensation ; Viscera ; innervation ; physiology ; Visceral Afferents ; physiology

This study was aimed to choose the best fixing method of electrocardiogram (ECG) measurement in mice by comparison of ECG index in three different fixing ways. Changes of ST amplitude and heart rate in ECG were measured in the self-made mouse sets, tape bundling or breathing anesthesia state. The amplitudes of the ST seg-ment in C57BL6 mice and β1/β2-AR double knockout mice were elevated in tape bundling or breathing anesthesia state in comparison with that in the self-made mouse sets (all P < 0.01). The heart rate under the tape bundling state in C57BL6 mice was significantly faster than that in the self-made mouse sets (P< 0.05 or P< 0.01). And the heart rate under anesthesia in β1/β2-AR double knockout mice was significantly slower than that in tape bundling state or the self-made mouse sets (both P < 0.01). It was concluded that relative to the binding and anesthesia method, fixing mouse in the self-made mouse sets, which can more truly reflect the physiological or pathological states, is a relatively good fixing method of ECG measurement in experimental study.

Objective To study the clinical features and spirometry of children with chronic cough and positive findings by bronchial provocation test.Methods Four hundred and fifty children with chronic cough from 3 hospitals of Shanghai Children's Medical Center Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong Medical University School of Medicine,Gong Li Hospital of Pudong New Area,Pudong Hospital,were enrolled in this study from December 2012 to December 2014,and among them,373 cases completed the questionnaires,spirometry and bronchial provocation test.The differences in clinical features and spirometry between the bronchial provocation test positive group and negative group were compared.And the further evaluation of their clinical value was performed.Results Two hundred and thirty-six cases of children with bronchial provocation tests positive showed much higher rate of dry [72.03％ (170/236 cases)] and night cough[58.90％ (139/236 cases)] than those in the negative group[27.00％ (37/137 cases),22.63％ (31/137cases)],and the differences were significant (x2 =71.154,45.973,all P ＜0.01).Children in positive group also had higher morbidity of eczema[52.12％ (123/236 cases)],allergic conjunctivitis [24.15％ (57/236 cases)] and inhaled allergy history[40.25％ (95/236 cases)] than those in negative group[32.85％ (45/137 cases),10.95％ (15/137cases),18.98％ (26/137 cases)],and there existed significant differences (x2 =13.006,9.701,17.904,all P ＜0.01).And they also had higher asthma heredity [18.22％ (43/236 cases)] than that in negative group [9.49％(13/137 cases)],and the difference was significant (x2 =5.179,P =0.023);with worse small airway function [50.85％ (120/137 cases) vs 36.50％ (50/137 cases)] (x2 =7.197,P =0.007).For further study,the sensitivity and specificity for dry cough were both high(72.03％ and 72.99％).For specificity,family history was the most highest one (90.51％),and night cough and allergic conjunctivitis were also high.Conclusions Pulmonary function tests to reflect small airway function abnormalities,combined with a family history of asthma and chronic cough in children related to eczema,allergic conjunctivitis,and inhalation allergy history clinical features,can better predict airway hyperresponsiveness.

Objective:To summarize the pregnancy outcome of monochorionic triamniotic (MCTA) triplet pregnancy and its relationship with multifetal pregnancy reduction.Methods:This study retrospectively recruited 23 women with MCTA pregnancy who delivered at Peking University Third Hospital from January 1, 2012, to January 1, 2020. All 23 cases received regular prenatal examination at our hospital from the first trimester, who were divided into two groups: selective fetal reduction group (randomly reduced one fetus, n=8) and expectant group ( n=15). Pregnancy outcome was described in all participants, differences in maternal age, gestational weeks and outcomes were compared between the two groups. The selective fetal reduction group was further divided into two subgroups: first-trimester vacuum aspiration group ( n=3) and second-trimester radiofrequency ablation group ( n=5), to evaluate the differences in pregnancy outcomes. Two independent samples- t test and Fisher's exact test were used as statistical methods. Results:(1) There was no significant difference in the gestational weeks at the end of the pregnancy [(31.7±4.1) vs (28.8±8.8) weeks], preterm delivery after 32 weeks (9/15 vs 4/8), at least two surviving children (12/15 vs 4/8) and at least one surviving child (13/15 vs 5/8) between the expectant group and the selective fetal reduction group (all P>0.05). One case with twin-twin transfusion syndrome in the expectant group underwent fetoscopic surgery at 19 weeks of gestation and delivered three live infants through cesarean section at 33 +2 weeks due to premature rupture of membranes. One case with twin reversed arterial perfusion sequence at 17 weeks of gestation refused fetal reduction and gave birth to a child at 33 weeks when one fetus's heart stopped beating and one was acardia. (2) The first-trimester vacuum aspiration group and the second-trimester radiofrequency ablation group showed no significant differences in the average gestational weeks at the end of the pregnancy [(28.5±7.6) vs (28.9±10.4) weeks, t=1.145, P>0.05], or the rate of at least one (2/3 vs 3/5, Fisher's exact test, P>0.05) or two surviving children (2/3 vs 2/5, Fisher's exact test, P>0.05). No postoperative infection or amniotic fluid leakage was reported in the subgroups. Conclusions:The pregnancy outcome of MCTA triplet with fetal reduction is not different with expectant group.

Objective To compare two effective preparation methods for paclitaxel-loaded lipid microbubbles, and to evaluate the physiochemical properties as for acoustic activated drug delivery. Methods Paclitaxel-loaded lipid microbubbles were prepared with two methods: one was mixed with phospholipids directly (Ⅰ); the other was added in triacetin, then mixed with phospholipids (Ⅱ). Concent ration, size, pH, drug entrapment efficiency, drug-loading amounts of these two kinds of paclitaxel-loaded lipid microbubbles were studied, while drug release with ultrasound and tumor imaging enhanced on rabbit breast tumor were observed. Results There was no significant difference in tumor imaging between two kinds of microbubbles which could be ruptured by low energy ultrasound. Compared with Ⅰ, the mean diameter of Ⅱ decreased significantly ([ 1.07±0.38] μm vs [2.79± 0.41] μm, P<0.01), the surface potencial was higher ([19.10±0.32] mV vs [-5.90±0.21] mV, P<0.01), whereas entrapment efficiency and drug-loading amounts increased markedly ([ 95.00±1.22]% vs [36.10±4.74]%, P<0.01; [5.60±0.11]% vs [0.50±0.04]%, P<0.01). Conclusion The Ⅱ paclitaxel-loaded lipid microbubbles added triacetin have an important clinical value.

BACKGROUNDIntravascular microbubble-enhanced acoustic cavitation is capable of disrupting the vascular walls of capillaries and small vessels. This study was designed to investigate the impact of microbubble-enhanced, pulsed and focused ultrasound (MEUS) on the blood perfusion of subcutaneous VX2 tumors in rabbits.

METHODSSubcutaneous VX2 cancers in twenty New Zealand rabbits were treated by combining high-pressure amplitude, pulsed and focused therapeutic ultrasound (TUS) and intravenous microbubble injections. The TUS transducer was operated with a peak negative pressure of 4.6 MPa and a duty cycle of 0.41%. Controls were subcutaneous VX2 cancers treated with TUS or microbubbles only. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) and intravenous Evans Blue (EB) perfusion were performed to assess the tumor circulation. The tumor microvascular disruption was assessed by histological examination.

RESULTSCEUS showed that the tumor circulation almost vanished after MEUS treatment. The average peak grayscale value (GSV) of tumor CEUS dropped significantly from 84.1±22.4 to 15.8±10.8 in the MEUS-treated tumors but no significant GSV changes were found in tumors in the two control groups. The mean tumor EB content of the MEUS-treated tumors was significantly lower than that of the controls. Histological examination found scattered tumor microvascular disruption with intercellular edema after MEUS treatment.

CONCLUSIONThe tumor circulation of VX2 cancers can be arrested or significantly reduced by MEUS due to microvascular disruption.