Since 1970's , lots of studies on biodegradation of chloroanilines (CAS) have been done, especially, in these aspects: spieces and capability of the microbes; metabolic pathway; gene cloning, expression of degradation plas-mid and pivotal metabolic emzymes. It is necessary for us to review the study on biodegradation of chloroanilines in order to summarize some useful results and the problems in this study.

In order to investigate the hygienic characteristic of anti-immersion trousers, ten male soldiers dressed in the trousers or in camouflage trousers were subjected to exercise test and sedentary test respectively at room temperature of 17?2℃. In the test, eleven parameters such as core temperature, skin temperature, heat flow and so on were observed. The results indicated that in sedentary tests, the low limb heat flow of the subjects dressed in anti-immersion trousers was larger than that dressed in camouflage trousers; the heat insulation value of anti-immersion trousers was smaller than that of camouflage trousers; and for the other parameters, there was no evident difference between the two group. It suggested that when used on land, hygiene characteristic and effect on body heat balance of the anti-immersion trousers were similar to those of camouflage trousers.

AIMTo investigate the mechanism of the vascular endothelial cell (VEC) injury caused by freezing/thawing.

METHODSThe frozen/thawed neutrophil (PMN) model was founded by freezing PMNs with a rate cooling instrument and then rewarming them in a water bath, the PMNs used here were separated from rat's peripheral blood using density gradients centrifugation techniques. The expression of LFA-1 on the surface of frozen/thawed PMNs was observed at 4 h,12 h and 24 h after freezing/thawing. After co-incubating untreated VECs with frozen/thawed PMNs, we detected the VEC injury and the changes in PMN-VEC adhesion.

RESULTS(1) The PMNs LFA-1 expression increased in a time-dependent manner within 24 h after the freezing/thawing of PMNs. (2) After co-incubating untreated VECs with frozen/thawed PMNs, the adhesion between frozen/thawed PMNs and VECs increased and VEC injury occurred. (3) Monoclonal antibody against LFA-1 could block the PMN-VEC adhesion and subsequently attenuated the VEC injury.

CONCLUSIONThe freezing/thawing of PMNs can elicited an increase in PMN LFA-1 expression and trigger the PMN-VEC adhesion and subsequently bring about the VEC injury.

Animals ; Cells, Cultured ; Endothelial Cells ; cytology ; Freezing ; Lymphocyte Function-Associated Antigen-1 ; metabolism ; Neutrophils ; cytology ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar

AIMTo investigate the effects of shivering on airway rewarming.

METHODSThe hypothermic dog model without shivering was established by immersing an anesthetized dog in cold water and administering atracurium to inhibit the dog shivering. The model dog respired warm fully humidified (40-45 degrees C, RH 99.9%) air and room temperature air(19 +/- 1 degrees C, RH 30% - 75%) to rewarm each for 2 hours, the priority of different temperature air respired was arranged randomly. After rewarming for 4 hours, the relaxed dog breathed warm humidified air by positive pressure ventilation in order to restore its spontaneous respiratory. Then the dog continued to respire warm humidified air spontaneously until the esophageal (Te) and rectal temperature (Tr) of the dog achieved the same degrees as the dog was immersed in the water. The metabolic heat production was detected by indirect calorimetry during the experiment.

RESULTS(1) When the shivering was inhibited, inhaling warm humidified air for 2 hours made the Tr and Te of the dogs increase 0.26-0.39 degrees C and 0.44-1.11 degrees C per hour respectively, inhaling air at room temperature for 2 hours made Tr and Te of the dogs decrease 0.24-0.51 degrees C and 0.58-0.67 degrees C per hour, respectively. And the changes in Tr and Te of the dogs were unrelated to the priority of inhaling air at different temperature. (2) When the dog with shivering respired spontaneously warm humidified air, the rewarming rates of Tr and Te were 2.26-2.33 degrees C/h and 1.96-2.38 degrees C/h respectively, quicker than those of the dogs whose shivering was inhibited. (3) Compared with metabolic heat production of the unshivering dog respiring warm humidified air by positive pressure ventilation, that of the shivering dog respiring warm humidified air spontaneously increased outstandingly, shivering thermogenesis made the rewarming rates increased obviously.

CONCLUSIONAirway rewarming is a method conducive to rewarming of hypothermia. When the body is shivering, the metabolic heat production increases obviously, that makes the rewarming rate increase markedly. So the shivering must be inhibited in order to eliminate the interference of shivering thermogenesis when the effects of airway rewarming are detected.

Animals ; Body Temperature Regulation ; Cold Temperature ; Dogs ; Hypothermia ; physiopathology ; therapy ; Hypothermia, Induced ; Male ; Respiratory Physiological Phenomena ; Shivering

AIMTo investigate the role of ICAM-1 on the surface of vascular endothelial cell (VEC) in freezing/thawing injury of VEC, in order to elucidate the pathogenesis of freezing/thawing injury.

METHODSVEC separated and cultured from rat aorta and PMN separated from rat peripheral blood were selected as experiment materials. The frozen/thawed VEC model was founded by freezing VEC with the type WKL-V rate cooling instrument and then rewarming them in a water bath. ICAM-1 expression on the surface of frozen/thawed VEC was detected at 4, 12 and 24 h after freezing/thawing with immunohistochemical method. After coincubating frozen/thawed VEC with normal PMN, the adhesion of VEC to PMN was monitored with rose bengal staining assay and the injury level of VEC was indicated by measuring LDH activity in nutrient solution.

RESULTSThe ICAM-1 expression on the surface of VEC increased from 13.2% +/- 3.6% before freezing/thawing of VEC to 22.3% +/- 4.4% at 4 hour after freezing/thawing, and reached the peak (37.9% +/- 2.5%) at 12 hour after freezing/thawing of VEC. After coincubation of frozen/thawed VEC with normal PMN, the adherence of frozen/thawed VEC to PMN increased from group control 0.204 +/- 0.025 to 0.363 +/- 0.022 (P < 0.01), LDH activity in nutrient solution increased from group control 104.64 +/- 20.14 U/L to 162.33 +/- 27.88 U/L (P < 0.01), monoclonal antibody against ICAM-1 (ICAM-1 Mab) could partially block the adherence of frozen/thawed VEC to PMN (0.270 +/- 0.021, P < 0.01), and diminish LDH activity in nutrient solution (125.39 +/- 22.26 U/L, P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONThe freezing/thawing of VEC can elicit an increase in ICAM-1 expression on the surface of VEC, and then proceed to VEC-PMN adherence and lead to VEC injury.

Animals ; Cells, Cultured ; Endothelial Cells ; metabolism ; Endothelium, Vascular ; cytology ; Freezing ; Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 ; metabolism ; Neutrophils ; cytology ; Rats

AIMTo investigate the role of TNF-alpha in vascular endothelial cells injury mediated by freezing/thaw ing PMN.

METHODSFreezing/thawing cell model was founded using rat PMN isolated by dextran sedimentation technique and VEC cultured in vitro. The injury level of VEC was indicated by measuring activity of LDH in medium. The number of frozen/thawed PMN adhering to VEC was counted with Phagocytizing reactive dyes the degree of frozen/thawed PMN and VEC adhesion. Expression of LFA-1 on the surface of frozen/thawed PMN was analyzed with flow cytometry.

RESULTSTNF-alpha could obviously upregulate expression of LFA-1 on surfaced of frozen/thawed PMN. Upregulation of LFA-1 expression promoted adhesion of frozen/thawed PMN and normal VEC,and aggravated VEC injury. Monoclonal antibody against LFA-1 could partly block adhesion of frozen/thawed PMN and normal VEC,and attenuate VEC injury.

CONCLUSIONTNF-alpha can promote expression of LFA-1 on surface of frozen/thawed PMN adhering of frozen/thawed PMN to normal VEC and VEC injury increase, monoclonal antibody against LFA-1 could partly block PMN-VEC adhesion and attenuate VEC injury.

Animals ; Cell Adhesion ; Cells, Cultured ; Endothelial Cells ; drug effects ; Endothelium, Vascular ; cytology ; Freezing ; Lymphocyte Function-Associated Antigen-1 ; metabolism ; Neutrophils ; cytology ; metabolism ; Rats ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; pharmacology

OBJECTIVETo explore the relationship between methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene polymorphism and microsatellite instability (MSI) in patients with gastric cancer.

METHODSMTHFR gene C677T and A1298C polymorphism were detected by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and MSI was examined with PCR.

RESULTSMTHFR gene C677T and A1298C polymorphisms were analyzed on 122 gastric cancers and 110 normal controls The genotype frequencies of MTHFR 677CC, 677CT and 677TT were 47.5%, 39.3% and 13.1% on patients with gastric cancer, and 48.5%, 42.6%, 8.9% in the controls respectively. There was no significant difference of genotype frequency between the two groups (P > 0.05). The individuals with 677CT genotype, 677TT genotype and 677CT + TT genotype exhibited significantly reduced risk (OR = 0.38,95% CI: 0.15-0.98; OR = 0.26,95% CI: 0.03-2.18 and OR = 0.36,95% CI: 0.07-0.98) of developing gastric cardia cancer compared with those harboring the wild-type(677CC). The individuals with 677TT genotype having a 3.03-fold (95% CI: 1.07-8.65) increased risk of developing gastric corpus cancer. The genotype frequency of MTHFR 1298AA, 1298AC and 1298CC were 59.8%, 36.1% and 4.1% in gastric cancer patients, and 57.4%, 7.6%, 5.0% in the controls, respectively. The distribution of MTHFR A1298C genotype was not significantly different between gastric cancer and controls (P > 0.05). The individuals with 1298CC genotype had a reduced risk of developing gastric antrum cancer (OR = 0.41- fold, 95% CI: 0.03-2.18, 0.05-3.72) when comparing with those having 1298AA genotype. Patients with MSI+ gastric cancer had an increased frequency of the MTHFR 677TT genotype when comparing with those suffering from MSI- gastric cancer (P = 0.009) and with controlled subjects (P = 0.008). There was no significant association found between MTHFR A1298C polymorphism and MSI (P>0.05).

CONCLUSIONPolymorphism of MTHFR C677T was associated with increased risk on gastric corpus cancer and reduced risk on gastric cardia cancer. The polymorphism of MTHFR A1298C was associated with reduced risk for gastric antrum cancer while MSI pathway was possibly involved in the development of gastric cancer with MTHFR 677TT genotype.

Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Case-Control Studies ; Female ; Gene Frequency ; Genotype ; Humans ; Male ; Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2) ; genetics ; Microsatellite Instability ; Middle Aged ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Stomach Neoplasms ; genetics

Objective To systematically review the efficacy and safety of aspirin for preventing venous thromboembolism (VTE) after major orthopedic surgery.Methods Retrieved from PubMed,Embase and Cochrane Library,randomized controlled trials (RCT) and cohort studies about aspirin used in major orthopedic surgery were collected.Meta-analysis was performed by using Rev Man 5.3 software after data extraction and quality evaluation.Results Totally seven RCTs and five cohort studies were included.Compared with control group,aspirin reduced the incidence of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) [RR=0.69,95％CI(0.54,0.89),P =0.004] and pulmonary embolism(PE) [RR =0.60,95％CI(0.43,0.84),P =0.003].Compared with low molecular weight heparin (LMWH),the incidence ofDVT,PE and hemoglobin drop were [RR =1.06,95％CI(0.96,1.17),P =0.22],[RR =1.04,95％CI(0.93,1.18),P =0.48] and [MD =-7.61,95％CI(-11.73,-3.49),P =0.000 3] respectively in aspirin group.Conclusions Compared with control,aspirin could reduce VTE incidence after major orthopedic surgery.There were no significant differences in VTE incidence between aspirin and LMWH,but hemoglobin drop were lower in aspirin group.For other complications,there were no significant differences between aspirin and control/LMWH.

Objective To study on the effects of Cinnamic aldehyde on leukemia cell line K562 by Caco -2 cells in vitro absorption model.Methods The effective components of cinnamon(0,50,100,200,400, 600,800,1000 μg· mL-1 ) were determined by Caco-2 cell model of Transwell, and the concentration was determined by HPLC.No cytotoxic concentration range of Cinnamic aldehyde acting on K562 cells for 72 h is detected by MTT assay.After 72 h incubation of Cinnamic aldehyde standard(50,75 μg· mL-1 ) and leukemia K562 cells, the cells surface antigens including CD235a, CD36, CD41, CD61, CD13, CD33 and CD14 were determined by Flow cytometry.Results The active ingredi-ent of cinnamon is extracted by transwell transport pool of Caco-2 cell model and no cytotoxic concentration is 200 μg · mL-1.The cinnamicaldehyde is the component which goes through the model by HPLC.The 24 h inhibition rates ( IRs ) of Cinnamic aldehyde on K562 cells are (25.29 ±0.97)%and (36.60 ±0.18)%at the concentrations of 50 and 75 μg· mL-1 , respectively;IRs for 48 h are ( 48.23 ±0.63 )% and ( 57.15 ±0.58 )%; IRs for 72 h are ( 58.23 ±0.63 )% and (57.15 ±0.58)%.Compared with the control group, the inhibitory activity is obvious(P<0.05).After incubation 72 h, the expressions of myeloid differentiation phenotypes including CD13, CD33, CD36 on K562 cells are (0.33 ±0.21)%, ( 32.89 ±0.19 )%, ( 7.73 ±0.57 )% and ( 0.72 ±0.43 )%, ( 38.80 ±0.03 )%, (10.90 ±0.82)%at the concentrations of 50 and 75 μg· mL-1 , respectively.Compared with the control group, the inhibition increased ( P <0.05 ).The phenotypic expressions of erythroid differentiation are ( 52.38 ±0.65 )%, (57.48 ±0.70)%.Compared with the control group, the inhibition increased( P<0.05).Megakaryocyte differentia-ted phenotype CD41, CD61 expression has no significant change ( P >0.05 ).Conclusion The Cinnamic aldehyde can go through the Caco-2 in vitro absorption model and enables the K562 cells to differentiate into myeloid and erythroid.

Purpose :To investigate the relationship of peripheral blood T-lymphocyte subsets with the acuterejection or severe CMV infection in transplanted patients. Methods :T-lymphocytes subsets of peripheral bloodwere consecutively detected by using mice-verse-human T-lymphocytes subsets monoclonal antibody-OKT serialsand flow cytometer. Results:The difference of CD4/CD8 ratios between the no acute rejection group and the acuterejection group, or between the acute rejection remission group and the resistant acute rejection group was signif-icant ( P ＜0.05); In patients with intensive CMV infection, the CD4/CD8 ratios were converse to the acute re-jection group. Conclusions:These results indicated that monitoring of peripheral blood T-lymphocyte subsets wasof much benefit to early diagnosis and differential diagnosis of acute rejection of intensive CMV infection and rea-sonable treatment.