Recently,the incidence of Alzheimer's disease has been significantly increasing.However,the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease remains unknown.It is presumed that insulin and insulin receptor may be involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.The relationship between insulin and cerebral glucose metabolism,the relationship between insulin,insulin receptor,insulin resistance and pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease as well as the possible mechanism are reviewed in this paper,and the progress of treatment of AD is also described.

BACKGROUND:Related studies have showed that poly D,L-lactide-co-glycolide can effectively package antisense oligonucleotides, smal interfering RNA, microRNA. Poly D,L-lactide-co-glycolide can better protect them against the destruction of the enzymes in vivo and have slow the drug release. Therefore, the number of drug administration can be reduced to achieve a long-term and effective therapeutic effect. ＜br> OBJECTIVE:To prepare poly D,L-lactide-co-glycolide-CXCR4-miRNA-nano-particles and to research the characteristics of the prepared nanoparticles. ＜br> METHODS:Poly D,L-lactide-co-glycolide-CXCR4-miRNA nanoparticles were prepared by double emulsion-evaporation process. Ultraviolet spectrophotometry was utilized for measurement of encapsulation efficiency and drug-loading rate, observing the shape of nanoparticles by transmission electron microscope, and measuring the size and distribution of nanoparticles by laser particle size analyzer. Sustained-release characteristics of nanoparticle suspension were observed in phosphate buffer. ＜br> RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The prepared nanoparticles were spherical-shaped, smooth, evently distributed and inadhesive. The particle size was mainly distributed within 143-502 nm, with an average diameter of 280 nm. The average drug loading was (0.515±0.023)%, the average encapsulation ratio was 50.2%and difference between batches was smal . The nanoparticles could slowly release in vitro and the process initial y experienced the fast-release stage, and then reached a basical y stable platform stage at day 14. These finding indicate that the process to prepare poly D,L-lactide-co-glycolide CXCR4-miRNA-nanoparticles by double emulsion-evaporation is simple. The prepared nanoparticles are wel targeted and exhibit sustained-release effects.

Objective To investigate the effects of previous open nephrolithotomy on the technical features, outcomes and morbidities of subsequent percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). Methods Ninety-eight patients who underwent PCNL from January 2006 to January 2011 were selected in this study. The 34 patients of them who had previous open nephrolithotomy on the same kidney were assigned as group A, and the other 64 patients who had no previous open surgery as group B. The data of operation time, blood transfusion quantity, residual stones rate, hospitalization time and time of tube evulsion were collected and compared between the two groups. Results There were no significant differences between the group A and B with respect to the mean operative time [(84.0±24.6) min vs. (94.0±22.7) min, t=1.372, P=0.177], hospitalization time [(6.5±1.1)days vs. (6.3±1.8)days, t=0.49, P=0.261], blood transfusion quantity [(82.9±10.6) ml vs. (85.0±11.8) ml, t=0.415, P=0.682], kidney and colostomy channels [single channel(70.6% vs. 75.0%), double channel (29.4% vs. 25.0%), χ2 =0.22, P=0.638] and residual stones rate (5% vs. 3%,χ2=0.42, P=0.282). Conclusions When PCNL is performed after previous open nephrolithotomy, there is no difference in success rate and morbidities.

BACKGROUND:Bone mineral density(BMD) is still regarded as the standard of early diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis(OP) at present.But it is found in detection that different sex,age and skeleton location have different OP detection rate,so it is necessary to analyze the difference. OBJECTIVE:To compare the difference of OP detection rate at different skeleton location between males and females with the increase of age. DESIGN:A cross-sectional study taking patients as the subjects. SETTING:Endocrine department of an artillery general hospital of Chinese PLA. PARTICIPANTS:A total of 147 patients,including 54 males and 93 females, aged from 50 to 78 years old,who were hospitalized in our outpatient clinic from September 2000 to January 2002,were selected and divided into 3 groups according to age,50 to 59 years old group (n=46,13 males and 33 females),60 to 69 years old group (n=66,26 males and 40 females) and 70 to 79 years old group (n=35,15 accordance with the OP diagnostic criteria recommended by WHO[1]. Exclusive criterion: secondary OP patients caused by chronic disease of liver,kidney, heart, and gastrointestinal tract and some endocrine disease such as diabetes,hyperthyroidism and so on. INTERVENTIONS:Every subject filled in the history questionnaire in detail.Height and body mass were measured accurately and body mass index(BMI) was calculated (kg/m2).A new type of Norland Excell plus dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry(DEXA) was used to detect BMD(g/cm2) of L2- 4 and proximate femur(neck of femur, Ward's triangle,greater trochanter).The detected values were compared with the normal data of young adults of the same sex and the T value(SD) was obtained. RESULTS:OP in lumber vertebra was predominant in female climacteric(χ 2=10.14,P< 0.01),and the detection rate of OP in lumber vertebra and neck of femur increased with age(χ 2=7.41, P< 0.05).OP in simple neck of femur increased significantly in males after 60 yeas old(χ 2=9.11,P< 0.05). Females were more liable to suffer from OP in simple lumber vertebra and in both lumber vertebra and neck of femur(χ 2=8.04,P< 0.05;χ 2=14.26,P< 0.01).Age had significant negative correlation with BMD in neck of femur,Ward's triangle and great trochanter of females(r=- 0.364,- 0.389, P< 0.01;r=- 0.504,P< 0.001),while BMI was positively correlated with L2- 4,neck of femur and great trochanter significantly(r=0.306,0.329,0.338,P< 0.05). CONCLUSION:Detection rate of OP changes with skeleton detecting location and age.It is very significant to recognize and evaluate these objective phenomena correctly for the diagnosis and treatment of OP.

Background The in vitro culture of retinal vascular endothelial cells is the foundation of experimental study of retinal vascular disease. Shortage of human donor eyeballs is a main limiting for the laboratory work. The culture method of rat-derived vascular endothelial cells has been established. However, this method is not enough effective because of severer cellullar injury. Objective Present study was to establish a simple and high effective method for the culture of vascular endothelial cells in vitro. Methods The retinas from 5 SPF SD rats was digested by 0. 1% collagenase and cultured with explant culture method. 20% fetal bovine serum, vascular endothelial growth factor ( VEGF) , insulin-transferrin-selenium( ITS) were composed into the endothelial cell culture medium, and enough blowing was performed to get the cells and fragments from retinal tissue. The cellular suspension was prepared and cultured consequently on human fibronectin-coated culture flasks. Cultured vascular endothelial cells were identified by anti-von Willebrand staining factor. Results The cells emerged from the tissue mass,and cells and some tissue fragments attached to the wall after 24 hours of seeding. The cells grew to show the fusiform in 4 days and merged together in 5 to 6 days,and a cell monolayer was seen in the 14th day after culture. The endothelial cells showed the positive response for von Willebrand factor. After passage, the merging-growth statue of the cells was regained in 2 hours after culture. Conclusion Use of retinal pieces and collagenase-digestion can get the vascular endothelial cells with better activity in vitro. The culture method based on highly selective endothelial cell culture medium associated to FN adhesion-promoting is helpful for gaining the purified of endothelial cells.

Objective: To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of adult inpatients with gas burns in the Department of Burns of Hwa Mei Hospital of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (hereinafter referred to as the author′s unit) , so as to provide evidence for the prevention of gas burn. Methods: Medical records of all inpatients with flame burns admitted to the author′s unit from January 2011 to December 2017 were collected. The percentage of adult inpatients with gas burns in total inpatients with flame burns in the same period, and their gender, age, injury season, accident place, burn severity, common compound injury, complication, population caliber, education, industry, as well as the pre-injury disease and prognosis of elderly inpatients with gas burns were retrospectively analyzed. In addition, the age, accident place, education, and industry of the floating population in the adult inpatients with gas burns were analyzed separately and compared with the total population of adult inpatients with gas burns in 7 years. Data were processed with chi-square test or Fisher′s exact probability test (Monte Carlo algorithm). Results: During the 7 years, 1 490 inpatients with flame burns were admitted to the author′s unit, among which 511 were adult inpatients with gas burns, accounting for 34.30%. The number of adult inpatients with gas burns increased gradually during the 7 years, but its percentage in the total inpatients with flame burns during the same period showed no significant difference (χ²=7.087, P>0.05). Among the 511 adult inpatients with gas burns (hereinafter referred to as the patients in this group), there were 315 males and 196 females, with a male/female ratio of 1.61 to 1.00, and the middle-aged patients were the most, up to 270 cases, accounting for 52.84%. The distribution of adult inpatients with gas burns during the 7 years was significantly different in gender and age (χ²=54.810, 27.832, P<0.01). Among the patients in this group, most were injured in summer, totally 251 cases, accounting for 49.12%, and the accident place was mainly at home, totally 388 cases, accounting for 75.93%. The distribution of adult inpatients with gas burns during the 7 years was significantly different in injury season (χ²=42.254, P<0.01), but not in accident place (χ²=6.782, P>0.05). The patients in this group were mainly with moderate burns (237 cases, accounting for 46.38%), and the distribution trend of burn severity of adult inpatients with gas burns was basically the same during the 7 years (χ²=19.680, P>0.05); 176 patients (34.44%) were accompanied by inhalation injury, and 30 patients (5.87%) were accompanied by blast injury of lung; post injury complications occurred in 20 patients (3.91%). In the elderly inpatients with gas burns, 44.44% (32/72) were accompanied by pre-injury basic diseases, and the proportion of death or unhealed reached 18.06% (13/72). Most of the patients in this group were permanent residents (358 cases, accounting for 70.06%) and received secondary education (304 cases, accounting for 59.49%), and the majority of them were engaged in manufacturing/construction (138 cases, accounting for 27.01%), self-employed business (90 cases, accounting for 17.61%), and catering (90 cases, accounting for 17.61%) industries. The distribution of adult inpatients with gas burns during the 7 years was significantly different in population caliber, education, and occupation (χ²=17.496, 29.898, 88.896, P<0.05 or P<0.01). Among the patients of this group, the floating population were mainly young (90 cases, accounting for 58.82%) and middle-aged (62 cases, accounting for 40.52%), with main accident place at home (97 cases, accounting for 63.40%), generally received secondary education (101 cases, accounting for 66.01%), and were mainly engaged in manufacturing/construction (71 cases, accounting for 46.41%), self-employed business (26 cases, accounting for 16.99%), and catering (20 cases, accounting for 13.07%) industries. Compared with the total adult inpatients with gas burns in 7 years, the floating population were younger, more injured in the workplace, and more concentrated in industry (χ²=42.924, 9.390, 27.819, P<0.01). Conclusions Gas burn was the leading injury cause of inpatients with flame burns in the author′s unit, which mainly occurred in summer and at home; the patients were mainly male, young and middle-aged, and permanent residents, most of which were with moderate burn, often accompanied by inhalation injury. Most of the patients were of secondary education, engaged in manufacturing/construction, self-employed business, and catering industries, among which the floating population were younger, more injured in the workplace, and more concentrated in industry. In order to prevent gas burn, we should pay more attention to the propaganda and education of gas safety among young and middle-aged men, floating population, retired old people and housewives, especially in summer, we should do a good job in gas safety inspection at home. In addition, we should urge enterprises to further strengthen the supervision of production safety.

Objective To investigate the genotype distribution of thalassemia intermedia , major and compound thalassemia in Peking Union Medical College Hospital from 2012 to 2015. Methods Retrospectively 1 084 suspected thalassemia cases were analyzed in recent four years .Three common deletions of αglobin chain were detected by GAP-PCR.Three common point mutations of αglobin chain and seventeen common mutations of βglobin chain were identified by PCR reverse dot blot hybridization . Hemoglobin electrophoresis was carried out by Capillary Electrophoresis System .RBC associated parameters and morphology were analyzed by hematology analyzer and blood smear .Results 702 cases were confirmed to be thalassemia, and the positive rate was 64.76% (702 /1084).19 types of gene defects were detected. There were 4 types of gene defects in 23 case with α-thalassemia intermeida, including -α3.7 /--SEA , -α4.2 /--SEA , αCSα/--SEA and αQSα/--SEA , -α3.7 /--SEA to be the most common genotype (18 cases) .3 cases with β-thalassemia intermeida were confirmed and the genotypes were βCD 17(A→T) /β-29(A→G) , β-28(A→G) /β-28(A→G) andβIVS-Ⅱ-654(C→T) /βCD17(A→T) , respectively.There were also 1 βCD 41 -42(-TTCT) /βCD17(A→T) thalassemia major case. The genotypes of 2 HbE/β-thalassemia cases were βCD41 -42(-TTCT) /βE and βCD17(A→T) /βE.5 αβ-thalassemia including 2 βCD 41 -42(-TTCT) /βA compounded with αα/-α3.7 , 1βIVS-Ⅱ-654(C→T) /βA compounded with --SEA /αCSα, 1βCD17(A→T) /βA compounded with -α4.2 /ααand 1βCD 41 -42(-TTCT) /βA compounded with αCS α/αα.Rare and untypical haematological results were found , such as normal level HbA 2 and undetectable HbH, in compound heterozygosity with --SEA /αCS α and βIVS-Ⅱ-654(C→T) /βA. Conclusions The genotypes of thalassemia intermedia, major and compound thalassemia in Peking Union Medical College were highly variable .

Acetic Acid ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use ; Adult ; Aged ; Cysts ; drug therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Liver Diseases ; drug therapy ; Male ; Middle Aged

There are dispute about the status of taxonomy among Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge, A. membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. var. mongholicus (Bge.) Hsiao. and A. pallidipurpureus stat. nov. The varieties and taxa of the complex are still in need of revision. With molecular biology study used trnH-psbA intergenic region, the taxonomic revision of Radix Astragali has been made. A. pallidipurpureus stat. nov is suggested as a new species.
Astragalus Plant ; classification ; genetics ; Astragalus membranaceus ; classification ; genetics ; Chloroplasts ; genetics ; DNA, Plant ; genetics ; Haplotypes ; Phylogeny ; Plant Roots ; genetics ; Plants, Medicinal ; classification ; genetics ; Species Specificity

Post-stroke fatigue is one of the common symptoms of stroke patients. Continuous fatigue will affect the rehabilitation of patients' limb functions, lead to the decline of daily living ability, and at the same time, make patients lack energy, lose the initiative of rehabilitation exercise, and seriously affect the quality of life and social function. This article reviews the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, evaluation scales, influencing factors, pathophysiological mechanism and treatment of post-stroke fatigue.