The macroporous resin separation technology has been mainly applied in the enrichment of saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids and other ingredients, and used in the removal of heavy metal impurities and pesticide residues in recent years. This paper focuses on the synthesis of the new-type macroporous adsorption resin LKS-11 according to the molecular structure characteristics of procymidone. Specifically, the selective absorptive property and other advantages of macroporous resin were utilized to analyze the procymidone removal efficiency in ginseng extracts from different sources. The type of macroporous resins, absorptive property and desorption conditions were observed respectively by static and dynamic adsorption methods to determined the optimum process conditions. According to the results, LKS-11 showed a good absorptive property to procymidone in ginseng extracts and provided a theoretical basis for studies on the removal of procymidone residues from ginseng extracts by using macroporous adsorption resin. Because of no secondary pollution on samples, low production and operation costs, high procymidone removal efficiency and high product recovery rate, this method is suitable to be applied in production.
Adsorption ; Bridged Bicyclo Compounds ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Chromatography ; instrumentation ; methods ; Drug Contamination ; prevention & control ; Drug Residues ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Fungicides, Industrial ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Panax ; chemistry ; Plant Extracts ; chemistry ; Porosity ; Resins, Synthetic ; chemistry

Objective To observe the effect of total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) on intrapulmonary shunt fraction and arterial oxygenation during one-lung ventilation (OLV) for thoracoscope surgery.Methods Forty patients scheduled for thoracoscope surgery were randomly assigned to two groups ( n =20),group of TIVA (A) and group of intravenous anesthesia combined with inhalational anesthesia(B).After inducing and intubating,patients were assigned to maintenance of anesthesia with propofol ( group A)or with sevoflurane ( group B) in order to maintain a BIS between 40 and 60.Mean arterial pressure (MAP),heart rate (HR),SpO2 and Paw were measured in four phases,always in the lateral position,10min after beginning two-lung ventilation (TLV),15 min after beginning OLV (OLV + 15 ),30 rain after beginning OLV ( OLV + 30) and 60 min after beginning OLV ( OLV + 60).Blood samples were drawn simultaneously and analyzed within 5 min.The Qs/Qt at each phase was calculated.Adverse events including hypotension,bradycardia,hypoxemia,delayed emergence and restlessness in recovery period were recorded.Results In all patients,a decrease in PaO2 and an increase in the Qs/Qt occurred during OLV were observed.But PaO2 values in group A were significantly higher than those in group B ( 177 ±88 vs 125 ±63;150 ±65 vs 110 ±67;188 ±69 vs 128 ±52) ( P ＜0.05).The Qs/Qt in group B was significantly higher than those in group A (34.2 ±5 vs 28.8 ±2;38.4 ±8 vs 32.1 ±6;37.1 ±2 vs 29.5 ±2,P ＜0.05).MAP values in group A were significantly lower than those in group B at the phase:OLV + 15 and OLV +30(72 ± 10 vs 88 ± 14;74 ± 12 vs 89 ± 10) ( P ＜ 0.05 ).The incidence of hypotension and delayed emergence in group A was higher than those in group B ( 10 case vs 4 case;9 case vs 2 case).The incidence of restlessness in recovery period in group B was more than those in group A (9 case vs 3 case).The differences between two groups were significant ( P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Compared with sevoflurane-sufentanyl combined anesthesia,TIVA with propofol can efficiently decrease intrapulmonary shunt fraction and improve arterial oxygenation during OLV for thoracoscope surgery,which is good for the prevention of hypoxemia.

Objective To investigate the supply of iodized salt in non-excessive iodine counties and iodine-free salt in excessive iodine counties at household level in Jiangsu Province so as to provide a basis for the prevention and control of iodine deficiency disorders(IDD).Methods According to the National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Monitoring Program(Trial),county(city,district) was taken as a elementary sampling unit in Jiangsu Province.Townships(towns) and administrative villages were selected by systematic sampling and random sampling in every county and households were chosen by random sampling to collect their edible salt samples.The salt iodine content in non-and excessive iodine regions was detected by direct titration method and semi-quantitative method,respectively.Results All 30 840 salt samples were collected from 106 non-excessive iodine counties,and qualified iodized salt was 30 303 copies,iodine-free salt 199 copies.Weighted by the population of counties,the rate of iodine-free salt was 0.71％,the coverage rate of iodized salt accounted for 99.29％,out of which,98.93％ was qualified and the consuming rate of qualified iodized salt was 98.23％.All 1296 salt samples were collected in 5 counties with excessive water iodine content and the coverage rate of iodine-free salt was 98.99％ (1283/1295).Conclusions The national targets for preliminary elimination of IDD have been achieved in regions of nonexcessive and excessive iodine of Jiangsu Province.But it still should be strengthen the management work of iodinefree salt in excessive iodine counties and iodine saft in non-excessive iodine counties.

The fermentative H2-producing strain Clostridium sp. H-61 was isolated from anaerobic sludge,was used as an original strain which was induced by NTG and UV for increasing and the hydrogen production ability. One of the highest efficient H2-producing mutants was named as HCM-23 with its stable hydrogen production ability. which was measured in the batch culture experiments. With the condition of 10 g/L glucose,its cumulative hydrogen yield and hydrogen production rate was 3024 mL/L and 33.19 mmol H2/g DW?h,69.89% and 68.14% higher than that of the original strain,respectively. The terminal liquid product compositions showed that the mutant HCM-23 fermentation was ethanol type,while the original strain H-61 fermentation was butyric acid type. Varieties of parameters of hydrogen production fermentation studied,including time,carbon source,nitrogen source,glucose concentration,glucose utilization,initial pH and incubation temperature had been studied,indicated the optimum condition of hydrogen production for the mutantHCM-23 as initial pH 6.5,temperature 36 ℃,and the favorite substrate was sucrose. The hydrogen production characters of the mutant and the original strain were different,such as,the growth lag phase and the utilization of inorganic nitrogen source,etc. This work shows a good application potential of NTG-UV combined mutation in the biohydrogen production. And the hydrogen production mechanism and metabolic pathway should be explored furthermore.

BACKGROUNDOxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of epidermal diseases. This study aimed to investigate the effects of quercetin on the anti-oxidative response and on mitochondrial protection in cultured normal human keratinocytes.

METHODSCultured HaCaT cells were treated with different concentrations of H2O2 (0, 50, 100, 250, 500 micromol/L) for different periods of time (0.5, 1, 2, 4 hours) to establish an oxidative stress model. The cultured HaCaT cells were randomly assigned to control, H2O2, and quercetin + H2O2 groups. For the quercetin groups, the cells were treated with different concentrations of quercetin (0, 10, 25, 50 micromol/L) before exposure to H2O2. Morphological changes of the cells were observed under an inverted microscope and an electron microscope. The cell viability was detected by the MTT method. The cell apoptosis (AnnexinV/propidium iodide double stain) and mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsim) changes were detected by flow cytometry.

RESULTSAn oxidative stress model of HaCaT cells was established under a suitable concentration (250 micromol/L) and treated time of H2O2 (2 hours). The cell viability and DeltaPsim decreased in a concentration-dependent and time-dependent manner while the percentage of apoptotic cells significantly increased in the H2O2 groups compared with the control group (P < 0.05). The cell viability and DeltaPsim of the quercetin treated group increased (P < 0.05) and the percentage of apoptotic cells decreased at concentrations of 1-50 micromol/L quercetin (P < 0.01) compared with H2O2 treated group.

CONCLUSIONQuercetin can relieve the cell damage and apoptosis from H2O2 induced injury to HaCaT cells by anti-oxidation and mitochondrial protection.

Antioxidants ; pharmacology ; Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Cell Survival ; drug effects ; Cells, Cultured ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Humans ; Hydrogen Peroxide ; toxicity ; Keratinocytes ; drug effects ; pathology ; Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial ; drug effects ; Mitochondria ; drug effects ; Quercetin ; pharmacology

BACKGROUNDElastin derived peptides can regulate melanocyte precursor development. Ultraviolet irradiation, infrared radiation and heat can increase the synthesis of tropoelastin in human skin epidermis. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the over expressed tropoelastin in epidermis has some role in melanogenesis of melanocytes.

METHODSA375 human melanoma cells were treated with different concentrations of kappa elastin for 24 hours. A375 human melanoma cells were randomly assigned to control, kappa elastin, and lactose pre-incubated groups. The cell viabilities were detected by the methyl thiazoleterazolium assay. Melanin content and tyrosinase activity in A375 melanoma cells were measured. The expressions of endothelin B receptor (ET(B)R) mRNA and c-kit mRNA in A375 melanoma cells were measured by quantative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.

RESULTSFifty µg/ml of kappa elastin significantly increased the melanin content by 56.64% compared with the control (P < 0.05). Kappa elastin increased cellular tyrosinase activity by 46.73% compared with the control at 24 hours (P < 0.05). Kappa elastin increased the expressions of ET(B)R and c-kit mRNA levels by 2.13-fold and 2.47-fold compared with the controls, respectively. When pre-incubating cells with a lactose solution (10 mmol/L), the inhibition on melanin production was 34.96% compared with the kappa elastin group (P < 0.05), tyrosinase activity was inhibited by 29.93% compared with kappa elastin group (P < 0.05), and the expressions of ET(B)R mRNA and c-kit mRNA were decreased by 1.56-fold and 0.82-fold compared with kappa elastin group, respectively.

CONCLUSIONKappa elastin increased the melanogenesis in A375 melanoma cells via the stimulation of tyrosinase activity and the expression of ET(B)R and c-kit. The over expressed tropoelastin produced by keratinocytes might play a role in melanogenesis of epidermal melanocytes.

Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Survival ; drug effects ; Elastin ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Keratinocytes ; drug effects ; Melanins ; metabolism ; Melanoma ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit ; metabolism ; Receptor, Endothelin B ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo investigate the possible roles of adenosine and the cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-10 in the pathogenesis of acute bacterial prostatitis (ABP) in rats.

METHODSForty-eight male Wistar rats were randomly divided into groups A (ABP), B (ABP + theophylline intervention), C (sham) and D (blank control). ABP models were established by injecting Escherichia coli 0157 into the prostate, and those in group B were treated by intraperitoneal injection of theophylline immediately after modeling. At 4 and 14 days, the prostate tissues of the rats were collected for detection of the expressions of TNF-alpha and IL-10 by immunohistochemistry and the concentration of adenosine by high-performance liquid chromatography.

RESULTSAt 4 and 14 days, the concentrations of adenosine were significantly higher in group A ([48.38 +/- 17.27] and [26.54 +/- 11.22] microg/g) than in C ([0.45 +/- 0.25] and [0.46 +/- 0.29] microg/g) and D ([0.41 +/- 0.23] and [0.43 +/- 0.27] microg/g) (P < 0.05), and so were the expressions of TNF-alpha in A (0.23 +/- 0.08 and 0.21 +/- 0.03) than in C (0.07 +/- 0.03 and 0.07 +/- 0.01) and D (0.07 +/- 0.06 and 0.07 +/- 0.06) (P < 0.05), and those of IL-10 in A (0.13 +/- 0.03 and 0.25 +/- 0.01) than in C (0.07 +/- 0.03 and 0.07 +/- 0.03) and D (0.07 +/- 0.01 and 0.07 +/- 0.02) (P < 0.05). Compared with group A, the rats in group B showed significant increases at 4 and 14 days in the severity of inflammation, concentration of adenosine ([86.64 +/- 32.87] and [51.17 +/- 22.96] microg/g, P < 0.05) and expression of TNF-alpha (0.37 +/- 0.08 and 0.32 +/- 0.06, P < 0.05), but exhibited no remarkable difference in the expression of IL-10 (0.12 +/- 0.06 and 0.15 +/- 0.06, P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONAdenosine may affect the progression of inflammation by regulating the expressions of the cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-10 in ABP rats through the adenosine receptor signaling pathway.

Adenosine ; physiology ; Animals ; Escherichia coli O157 ; Interleukin-10 ; metabolism ; Male ; Prostate ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Prostatitis ; metabolism ; microbiology ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Theophylline ; pharmacology ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the clinical effect and side-effect of interferon-alpha (IFN-a) and ribavirin (RBV) combination therapy for Chinese patients with co-infection of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and to compare them with only HIV infection patients.

METHODS10 patients with HCV-HIV and 17 patients with only HCV infection received 5 million units of IFNalpha-2b every other day intramuscularly, and 300 mg RBV orally three times a day. Dynamic observations were done for HCV RNA and HIV RNA loads, CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte counts, liver function and blood cell measures, and the side-effects of the medicines.

RESULTSAfter 12 weeks and 24 weeks of IFNalpha and RBV combination therapy, mean HCV RNA levels reduced 1.14 log (t = 3.843, P < 0.01) and 2.08 log (t =6.564, P < 0.01) from the baseline at week 0 in the HCV-HIV co-infection group, and reduced 1.48 log (t = 6.438, P less than 0.01) and 2.33 log (t = 7.343, P < 0.01) in the HCV infection group. Meanwhile, the HIV RNA levels decreased 1.22 log (t = 3.662, P < 0.01) and 1.73 log (t = 6.119, P < 0.01) from the base line. However, there were no obvious different changes among T lymphocyte counts of HCV-HIV and HCV patients at week 0, week 12 and week 24. All 27 patients showed satisfactory biochemical response to therapy. There were some mild or moderate influenza-like symptoms, intestinal discomfort and decreased blood cell counts in the early stages of the treatments. No neuropsychic and auto-immune disorders were found.

CONCLUSIONSIFNalpha-2b and RBV combination therapy showed similar anti-HCV effects during the 24 week treatment for HCV-HIV and HCV infected patients, and some anti-HIV effect was also observed. No obvious different biochemical responses and side-effects were found between the above two groups.

Adult ; Antiviral Agents ; administration & dosage ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Female ; HIV Infections ; complications ; drug therapy ; Hepatitis C, Chronic ; complications ; drug therapy ; Humans ; Interferon-alpha ; administration & dosage ; Male ; Ribavirin ; administration & dosage

BACKGROUNDIt is internationally accepted that in drug-naïve individuals with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infection, chronic hepatitis C should be treated first if the CD4 cell count does not require the initiation of anti-retroviral therapy. Present paper evaluated the clinical effect and side-effect of interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) and ribavirin (RBV) combination therapy for Chinese patients with HCV-HIV co-infection, and compared with them for HIV infection alone.

METHODSTen patients with HCV-HIV and 17 patients with HCV received 5 million unit IFNalpha-2b every other day intramuscularly, and 300 mg RBV triple daily by oral. Dynamic observations were made for HCV RNA and HIV RNA loads, CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte counts, liver function and blood cell measurement, and the medicine side-effects.

RESULTSAfter 12-week and 24-week treatments of IFN-alpha and RBV combination therapy, mean HCV RNA levels reduced 1.14 logs and 1.56 logs from the baseline at week 0 in HCV-HIV co-infection, and reduced 1.48 logs and 1.75 logs in HCV infection, respectively. The HIV RNA levels decreased 1.22 logs and 1.32 logs from the base line; however, there were no obvious different changes at T lymphocyte counts of HCV-HIV and HCV patients through 24-week treatments. Whole 27 patients showed satisfactory biochemical response to therapy. There were some mild or mediate influence-like symptoms, intestinal uncomfortable and depressed blood cell counts in early stage of the treatments. No neuropsychiatric and auto-immune disorders were found.

CONCLUSIONSIFN-alpha and RBV combination therapy had similar anti-HCV effects during 24-week treatment for HCV-HIV and HCV infected Chinese patients, and some anti-HIV effect. There were no obvious different biochemical responses and side-effects between two groups above.

Adult ; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active ; CD4 Lymphocyte Count ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Female ; HIV Infections ; drug therapy ; immunology ; virology ; Hepatitis C, Chronic ; drug therapy ; immunology ; virology ; Humans ; Interferon-alpha ; administration & dosage ; Male ; Middle Aged ; RNA, Viral ; analysis ; Recombinant Proteins ; Ribavirin ; administration & dosage

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of farnesoid-X-receptor (FXR) antagonist Z-guggulsterone in an in vivo high-fat fed apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE(-/-)) mice model of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R).

METHODSMale ApoE(-/-) mice were randomly divided into three groups: standard ApoE(-/-) group (fed with standard mouse diet for 12 weeks before myocardial I/R procedure, n = 18), high-fat ApoE(-/-) group (fed with high-fat mouse diet for 12 weeks before myocardial I/R procedure, n = 22), and high-fat ApoE(-/-) + FXR antagonist group(fed with high-fat mouse diet for 12 weeks and received FXR antagonist Z-Guggulsterone 30 minutes before myocardial I/R procedure, n = 17). The expression of FXR was detected by real-time quantitative-PCR. Myocardial infarct size was determined by Evans blue/TTC double staining methods. Myocardial apoptosis was determined by in situ TUNEL technique. Markers of the mitochondrial-mediated apoptotic pathway (cytochrome c release, caspase-9 activity, and BAX and BCL-2 levels), endoplasmic reticulum stress apoptotic pathway (caspase-12 activity and CHOP level), and death receptor apoptotic pathway (caspase-8 activity, and Fas and FasL levels) were also measured.

RESULTFXR expression (3.7-fold higher, P < 0.01), myocardial infarct size [(62.1 ± 7.0)% vs. (33.8 ± 5.8)%, P < 0.01] and myocardial apoptosis index[ (36.8 ± 5.7)% vs. (17.2 ± 3.8)%, P < 0.01]were all significantly higher in high-fat ApoE(-/-) group than those in standard ApoE(-/-) group. Compared with high-fat ApoE(-/-) group, myocardial infarct size [(24.4 ± 4.7)% vs. (62.1 ± 7.0)%, P < 0.01] and myocardial apoptosis index [(13.8 ± 2.7)% vs. (36.8 ± 5.7)%, P < 0.01] were significantly reduced in high-fat ApoE(-/-) + FXR antagonist group. Moreover, levels of mitochondrial-mediated apoptotic pathway markers (cytochrome c release, caspase-9 activity, and BAX/BCL-2 levels) and endoplasmic reticulum stress apoptotic pathway markers (caspase-12 activity and CHOP level) were significantly lower in high-fat ApoE(-/-) + FXR antagonist group than those in high-fat ApoE(-/-) group (all P < 0.01). Levels of death receptor apoptotic pathway markers (caspase-8 activity, and Fas and FasL levels) were similar between high-fat ApoE(-/-) group and high-fat ApoE(-/-) + FXR antagonist group.

CONCLUSIONFXR antagonist alleviates myocardial reperfusion injury in cholesterol-fed ApoE(-/-) mice via inhibition of the mitochondrial-mediated and endoplasmic-reticulum stress pathway.

Animals ; Apolipoproteins E ; genetics ; Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Caspase 9 ; metabolism ; Cholesterol, Dietary ; administration & dosage ; Cytochromes c ; metabolism ; Disease Models, Animal ; Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Myocardial Reperfusion Injury ; metabolism ; pathology ; prevention & control ; Pregnenediones ; pharmacology ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 ; metabolism ; Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear ; antagonists & inhibitors ; metabolism ; bcl-2-Associated X Protein ; metabolism