Tumor immune checkpoint therapy is a clinical treatment strategy developed based on the new principle of the inhibition of negative immune regulation. In this article, the tumor immune checkpoint therapy and the drug delivery strategies were reviewed, mainly including immunity and tumor therapy, tumor immune checkpoint therapy and its mechanism of action, clinical application of tumor immune checkpoint therapy and therapeutic drugs, immune resistance of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1)/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PDL1) treatment and countermeasures, drug delivery strategies for tumor immune checkpoint therapeutic agents, etc. As a revolutionary new immunotherapy strategy, tumor immune checkpoint therapy has shown obvious superior therapeutic efficacy in a variety types of tumor. However, tumor immune checkpoint therapy is also faced with a big challenge, namely, immunotherapy resistance. With the discovery of new mechanism, the continuous development of new therapeutic drugs and delivery strategies, tumor immune checkpoint therapy is expected to further improve the clinical efficacy of tumor.

OBJECTIVETo study the effect of H2O2 on the morphological pattern,vitality,proliferation,cycle period of rabbit intervertebral disc nucleus pulposus cells.

METHODSTen New Zealand white rabbits (2 to 3 kg, female) were used for isolating nucleus pulposus cells under sterilized condition. The culture solution with 15% FBS and DMEM/F12 (1:1) was applied for cell cultivation. After 90% cell fusion, the first generation was obtain and stimulated by H2O2 with different concentrations of 0 micromol/L (control group), 130 micromol/L,216 p.mol/L,360 Ipmol/L, 600 micromol/L,and 1000 micromol/L.

RESULTSCompared with the control group, there was little difference of the biological property (P>0.05) in 130 micromol/L and 216 micromol/L H202-treated groups. When the concentration of H2O2 attained 360 micromol/L, 600 micromol/L, and 1 000 micromol/L, the cells suffered aging,with increased cell vacuoles,decreased proliferation,and aging:related increase of 13-galactosidase dyeing. The cell cycle of many nucleus pulposus cells was blocked in G1 stage other than entering S stage. With increasing H2O2 concentrations, the aging degree was increased.

CONCLUSIONA certain concentration of H202 could induce early aging of nucleus pulposus cells,resulting in biological abnormalities of these cells.

Animals ; Cell Cycle ; drug effects ; Cell Proliferation ; drug effects ; Cellular Senescence ; drug effects ; Female ; Hydrogen Peroxide ; pharmacology ; Intervertebral Disc ; cytology ; drug effects ; Oxidative Stress ; Rabbits

AIM: Accommodation is one of the most important functions of human eye, while its mechanism is still under discussion. This paper aimed to study accommodation mechanism with numerical simulation.METHODS: A simulation model was constructed to study the mechanism of accommodation based on the experimental data derived from published resources. The displacement and pressure are applied on the model to study the deformation of lens during accommodating.RESULTS: The simulation showed that, as the eye was accommodating, the thickness of the lens increased linearly,and the lens diameter decreased linearly. The optical power of the lens increased as the accommodation increased. This result was accord with the public facts in accommodation.Furthermore, the pressure was found to have a great influence on the shape of the lens and the optical power. The lens became thinner and flatter as the pressure increased and the pressure caused a remarkable increase of lens' optical power.CONCLUSION: The outcome of this paper is consistent with the Helmholtz's hypothesis on accommodation to some extent. The analytical model presented in this paper can be used in the theoretical study of the accommodation mechanism of the human lens.

OBJECTIVETo study a method for extraction and analysis of volatile components from Chrysanthemum morifolium 'gonghuangjv' cv. nov (CM GHJ) and C. morifolium 'gongbaijv' cv. nov (CM GBJ) by solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).

METHODThe volatile components were extracted in different temperature, different balance period and different extraction fiber using head space solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME), and were identified by CGC-MS. The variety in integral area of each component was observed in different conditions and its relative content was determined by normalization of area.

RESULTThe better condition of SPME for C. morifolium was that the sample was extracted using 100 microm polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) extraction fiber after it had been balanced for 6 hours at 75 degrees C. 53 components from CM GHJ and CM GBJ were identified, and there were 35 same components in CM GHJ and CM GBJ.

CONCLUSIONHS-SPME-GC-MS is convenient, rapid and reliable for analysis of volatile components in C. morifolium.

Chrysanthemum ; chemistry ; classification ; Flowers ; chemistry ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; methods ; Oils, Volatile ; analysis ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; classification

OBJECTIVETo investigate the mechanism of decreasing the K562/ADM cells chemosensitivity by up-regulating expression of PTEN gene.

METHODSK562/ADM cells were transient transfected with pGFP-PTEN or vector. The level of PTEN in K562/ADM cells was assayed by Western blot and RT-PCR. Cell viability on K562/ADM was determined by MTT assay. Cell apoptosis by flow cytometry. Activity of caspase-3 by Caspase Colorimetric Assay Kit. The proteins expression of LC3-I/II, Beclin1, p-Akt, p-p70S6K by Western blot. The autophagic vacuoles by MDC stain and Electron microscopy.

RESULTS(1) The mRNA and protein levels of PTEN in K562/ADM cells transfected with pGFP-PTEN were significantly increased compared with the control (untreated and transfected with empty vector). (2) Enhanced expression of PTEN by gene transfection resulted in a reversal of resistance to ADM. Compared with empty vector group, cell viability decreased from (94.07 ± 2.6)% to (53.83 ± 4.2)%, the cell apoptotic rate increased from (11.89 ± 1.7)% to (43.69 ± 2.3)%, meanwhile, pretreated with caspase-3 inhibitor (Z-DEVE-FMK) didn't completely inhibit the cytotoxicity of ADM to K562/ADM cells. (3) After treated with ADM for 12 and 24 h, the activities of caspase-3 in PTEN-transfected K562/ADM cells increased compared with those in pGFP-transfected K562/ADM cells \[(2.27 ± 0.13) vs (1.19 ± 0.14)\] at 12h, \[(3.15 ± 0.08) vs (1.48 ± 0.05)\] at 24 h (P < 0.05). (4) The protein levels of LC3-II and Beclin1 in K562/ADM cells transfected with pGFP-PTEN were increased by 83% and 18% respectively, and the protein levels of p-Akt and p-p70S6K were declined by 96% and 87% respectively, compared with those in K562/ADM cells transfected with pGFP plasmid. (5) The upregulation of PTEN in K562/ADM cells improved the number of autophagic vacuoles compared with the empty vector group.

CONCLUSIONThe upregulation of PTEN expression increases the chemosensitivity of K562/ADM to ADM, which may related with the inhibition of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway induced by PTEN gene transfection.

Apoptosis ; Drug Resistance, Multiple ; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm ; Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic ; Genetic Vectors ; Humans ; K562 Cells ; Leukemia ; drug therapy ; PTEN Phosphohydrolase ; genetics ; metabolism ; Transfection ; Up-Regulation

Human Zona Pellucida(ZP), which is a complex matrix surrounding oocytes,is comprised of three immunologically distinct glycoproteins(hZP1, hZP2 and hZP3). Because hZP3 possesses the sperm receptor activity and the acrosome-inducing activity, it has long been used as a candidate antigen to develop an immunocontraceptive vaccine. However, a large amount of native hZP3 protein is unavailable. It is an effective way to express hZP3 protein directly in vitro. Nevertheless, it had been reported that the rhZP3 protein produced in Pichia pastoris was not secreted but accumulated in the cells and could only be purified after being solubilized by strong denaturants. More unfortunately, after purification the final product required 6mol/L urea to maintain solubility. An improved project was advanced with the aim to express secreted and soluble rhZP3 protein in yeast. In this study, the fragment of hZP3 cDNA coding for aa 23 - 408, which the N-terminal leader was removed and most of the C-terminal transmembrane-like domain was reserved, was amplified by two PCR primers including EcoR I and Not I sites respectively and a His6 codon cassette was added to 5'-terminal. The hZP3 insert was incorporated into expression vector pPIC9K. The resulting recombinant yeast expression vector was designated pPIC9K-rhZP3. Linearized pPIC9K-rhZP3 was transformed into Pichia pastoris. After G418 selection, the recombinant Pichia pastoris strains were identified by PCR and the rhZP3 was expressed following the manufacturer' s protocol. Following induction with methanol, the rhZP3 protein was secreted and dissolved into the culture supernatant. SDS-PAGE and Western blot analyses showed that the apparent molecular weight of the expressed rhPZ3 proteins in yeast was smaller and a little size heterogeneity than native ones; after purified with Ni-chelating affinity chromatography, the final product's apparent molecular weight was about 32 - 34KD and their yield more than 20mg/L. We supposed that the C-terminal transmembrane-like domain be useful for secretion of rhZP3 into the culture supernatant and the expressed rhZP3 protein be incompletely digested by proteinases of Pichia into shorter fragments which all were glycosylated inhomogeneously. Fortunately, the fragments of rhZP3 protein can be recognized in Western blot by the polyclonal antibodies to porcine ZP3 which has showed a cross-reactivity with human ZP in vitro. It will be expected that the rhZP3 protein expressed in Pichia pastoris not only has immunogencity, say, it can rise antibodies in vivo to prevent spermatozoa-ovum binding, but also does not contain ovarian factors that might be the cause of undesired side effects, e.g. ovaritis and can be used as a safe immunogen in human antifertility vaccine research.
Blotting, Western ; Chromatography, Affinity ; Egg Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel ; Genetic Vectors ; genetics ; Humans ; Membrane Glycoproteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Pichia ; genetics ; metabolism ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Receptors, Cell Surface ; genetics ; metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; metabolism ; Zona Pellucida Glycoproteins

To obtain the recombinant pZP3alpha protein for the study of the contraceptive vaccines, the DNA sequence (446-1423) encoding purified pZP3alpha was inserted into a vector--pPICZalphaA. The recombinant plasmid pPICZalphaA-pZP3alpha was linearized and then transformed into Pichia pastoris GS115 by electroporation. Engineering strains were attained by screening with zeocin and induced to produce rpZP3alpha in high-density fermentation. Then rpZP3alpha was purified by Cu2+ metal affinity column chromatography from the separated and concentrated fermentative supernatants. The purified rpZP3alpha was identified by SDS-PAGE and Western blot, and the quantity, purity and rate of recovery of the rpZP3alpha were analyzed by Quantity One software. One male rabbit was immunized with the Cu-NTA-purified rpZP3alpha. The antibody responses against rpZP3alpha and porcine ZP were detected by ELISA and the indirect immunofluorescence. Engineering strains expressing rpZP3alpha in secretion were constructed. A 46kD component named rpZP3alpha which can react with anti-pZP3 antibody was purified from fermentative supernatants of engineering strains and the average yield of purified rpZP3alpha obtained from fermentative supernatants was 8mg/L. The purity and the rate of recovery were up to 92% and 63% respectively. The anti-rpZP3alpha antiserum was prepared by immunization of a male rabbit with purified rpZP3alpha. This anti-rpZP3alpha antiserum could react with rpZP3alpha and purified pZP3 in ELISA and bind to porcine zona pellucida which produced bright green fluorescence in the indirect immunofluorescence. The rpZP3alpha (46kD) protein could be successfully expressed in the Pichia pastoris expression system. And this protein retained the immunogenic activity of natural pZP3.
Animals ; Egg Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Electroporation ; Fermentation ; Immunization ; Male ; Membrane Glycoproteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Pichia ; genetics ; metabolism ; Rabbits ; Receptors, Cell Surface ; genetics ; metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins ; genetics ; immunology ; secretion ; Swine ; Zona Pellucida Glycoproteins

To establish a sensitive and specific HPLC method for quality control of Radix Paeoniae Alba, HPLC method was applied for quality assessment of Radix Paeoniae Alba. HPLC analysis was performed on a Symmetry C18 column (250 mm x 4. 6 mm ID, 5 microm, Waters, USA). The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile (solvent A) and water containing 0.1% (v/v) phosphoric acid (solvent B) at a constant flow rate of 0.8 mL x min(-1). An increasing linear gradient (v/v) of solvent A was used (t/min, % A): (0,10), (5,10), (25,15), (45, 22), (46, 65), (50, 80) and (60, 80). The column temperature was set at 25 degrees C. The chromatograms were monitored at 230 nm and the on-line UV spectra were recorded in the range of 190 - 400 nm. The HPLC chromatographic fingerprinting of Radix Paeoniae Alba, showing 11 characteristic peaks, was established from 28 lots of Radix Paeoniae Alba. The areas of main chromatographic peaks were found to complied with the following rule: paeoniflorin > 1, 2, 3, 4, 6-penta-O-galloyl-glucos > albiflorin > methyl gallate > other compounds. The chromatographic fingerprinting of Radix Paeoniae Alba with high specificity can be used to control its quality and assure lot-to-lot consistency.
Benzoates ; analysis ; Bridged-Ring Compounds ; analysis ; China ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Ecosystem ; Glucosides ; analysis ; Mass Spectrometry ; methods ; Monoterpenes ; Paeonia ; chemistry ; Plant Roots ; chemistry ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Reproducibility of Results

OBJECTIVETo find a convenient and exact method for evaluating acrosome reaction in human spermatozoa.

METHODSThe semen of the normal male was mixed and then divided into 6 groups. Coomassie brilliant blue (CBB) staining, chlortetracycline (CTC) fluorescence staining and acid phosphatase (ACP) detection were used for morphological observation and data analysis of the acrosome status of the human sperm treated with or without progesterone.

RESULTSThere were obvious morphological differences between the acrosome-reaction and acrosome-intact spermatozoa in CBB staining and CTC fluorescence staining, and significant differences were observed between the experimental and control spermatozoa by the three methods (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONAll the three methods can be used to assess acrosome reaction in human spermatozoa, but Coomassie brilliant blue (CBB) staining is much more convenient and stable.

Acid Phosphatase ; Acrosome Reaction ; drug effects ; Cells, Cultured ; Chlortetracycline ; Humans ; Male ; Progesterone ; pharmacology ; Rosaniline Dyes ; Spermatozoa ; cytology ; Staining and Labeling ; methods

A quantitative real-time PCR assay was developed to measure the proviral load of human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) in peripheral blood. The technology utilizes special primers and Taqman MGB fluorescence probe to measure amplification products from the gag-pro-pol polyprotein gene of HTLV-I. HTLV-I copy number was normalized to the amount of cellular DNA by quantitation of the beta-actin gene, The amplification system was sensitive to detect 5 copy/microL. The standard curve had a good linearity when the quantity for the gene was between 10(3) and 10(7) copy/microL (R2 = 0.999). Good reproducibility was observed in each intra- and inter-assay. We also measured proviral load in peripheral blood in 12 HTLV-I seropositive former blood donors. Proviral load for HTLV-I infected donors ranged from 0.015 to 12.819 copy/cell in WBC with the mean of 3.116 copy/cell.
Gene Products, gag ; genetics ; Gene Products, pol ; genetics ; Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Humans ; Molecular Probes ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; methods ; Viral Proteins ; genetics