Immune checkpoint blockade can promote the tumor?specific cytotoxic T?lymphocyte ( CTL) response. However, only a small proportion of patients have good response to immune checkpoint blockade. It has been reported that radiotherapy combined with immune checkpoint blockade can promote antigen presentation, which further enhances the tumor?specific CTL response;moreover, the combined therapy achieves better treatment outcomes than radiotherapy alone or immune checkpoint blockade alone. The latest study has shown that radiotherapy combined with dual immune checkpoint blockade has better efficacy than radiotherapy combined with CTLA?4 blockade in patients with melanoma. Therefore, radiotherapy combined with immune checkpoint blockade will become a new approach for treating tumor. This paper reviews the research advances in the combined therapy.

The risk of stroke increases significantly after transient ischemic attack (TIA). TIA is an independent risk factor for cerebral infarction. This article review s the advances in prediction models of stroke risk after TIA in order to conduct rapid and accurate risk assessment and stratification in patients w ith TIA and develop timely reasonable treatment strategies, thereby reducing the risk of stroke.

In order to investigate the affinity of aptamers to Bacillus anthracis spore, a custom synthesized 78 mer random DNA library was subjected to 15 rounds of selection against spores of vaccine strain A.16R by using SELEX method. The selected aptamers were cloned and sequenced. Macaw 2.05 and DNAsis 2.5 package were employed to analyze the conserved sequences and second structure of the aptamers, respectively. Affinities of aptamers to the spores were visualized by biotin streptavidin horseradish peroxidase system. The results showed that affinities of the aptamers were different. The highest OD at 450nm was 1.2, and the lowest was 0.25. The second structure analysis revealed possible stem loops for binding to the spores. The conserved sequences, AGGGG, CCCCG, GGGTT and ACACT, were found and the aptamers having same conserved sequence demonstrated similar affinity to the spores.

Restriction endonucleases are important molecular biology tools for DNA recombination.Because of the cleavage of DNA,their recombinant expression is difficult with low yields and complicated purification processes.In commercial productions,the technology that uses specific methylases to protect host DNA from digestion of the expressed restriction enzymes was cumbersome and practically limited.For solving this problem the expression of restriction enzyme Not Ⅰ was performed by using the DNA methylase M.Sss Ⅰ derived from Spiroplasma sp.MQ1 which specifically kept CpG sequence methylated.The methylated DNA was protected from the cutting of Not Ⅰ whose recognition sequence contained CpG.The gene of methylase M.Sss Ⅰ was introduced into Escherichia coli ER2566 and constitutively expressed,resulting in the CpG methylation pattern of the host DNA.Restriction enzyme Not Ⅰ was successfully expressed in this E.coli strain.Furthermore,by adding a purification tag to one terminus of the enzyme,recombinant Not Ⅰ was prepared as a highly purified and active product through two simple Ni-affinity and anion exchange chromatography steps.This expression system can be applied for the preparation of a series of restriction enzymes with CpG in their recognition sequences.

Objective To observe the influences of VEGF transfection on the proliferation and ultrastructure of hBMSCs. Methods Three groups were enrolled in the experiment: group of Ad-VEGF transfection, group of empty Ad transfection, and the control group. Cells were observed continually by inverted phase contrast microscope, and stained by HE. Proliferation of cells was tested by MTT and by flow cytometry analysis. Results Histological observation and observation through inverted phase contrast microscope showed that the cells were of the similar morphology in the 3 groups. As time elapsed, the amount of cells increased, but still no obvious differences were found in optical density (OD) value of hBMSCs.Groups B, C, A had a similar percentage of DNA G1 period and a similar proliferation index (PrI) ( P >0. 05). Conclusion Transfeetion of VEGF has no obvious influence on the prohferation and morphologyof hBMSCs in vitro.

Aged ; Anion Exchange Protein 1, Erythrocyte ; metabolism ; Brenner Tumor ; metabolism ; pathology ; surgery ; Carcinoma, Transitional Cell ; metabolism ; pathology ; surgery ; Chromogranin A ; metabolism ; Cystectomy ; Female ; Humans ; Hysterectomy ; Membrane Proteins ; metabolism ; Neoplasms, Multiple Primary ; metabolism ; pathology ; surgery ; Ovarian Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology ; surgery ; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology ; surgery

Objective To investigate the Chinese characters processing in healthy subjects with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Methods 10 healthy subjects were asked to finish the dual-task paradigm Keying/Reading and single-task paradign Keying or Reading.The active area and partial lateralization index in brains of them were investigated with fMRI with block design. Results and onclusion The tasks activated the right inferior frontal gyrus, bilateral parietal and cerebellar cortex. The laterality index showed that the left brains were more active in the tasks.

Objective To investigate the effect of attention training on cortical activation area and lateralization index in interference effect of dual-task paradigm as the poststroke nonfluent aphasiacs processing the Chinese character tasks. Methods 20 cases with nonfluent aphasia after stroke were divided into the training group and the control group, who accepted attention training and cognitive training respectively, 30 min a time, 5 times a week, for 4 weeks. They were investigated the cortical activation area and lateralization index caused by interference effect of dual-task paradigm under block design. Results The right inferior frontal gyrus, bilateral parietal and cerebellar cortex were activated before training in both groups, and more activated after attention training, but no change after cognitive training. Lateralization index suggested that the right brain was more activated before training, while the left side was activated after attention training, but no change after cognitive training. Conclusion The right inferior frontal gyrus, bilateral parietal and cerebellar cortex are very important in solving the dual task interference in the attention stage, and they are activated after attention training. It indicates that attention training makes a significant functional reorganization on Chinese character processing in poststroke nonfluent aphasiacs.

Objective To explore the influence of attention training on Chinese character processing capability in poststroke nonfluent aphasiacs. Methods 60 stroke patients with nonfluent aphasia and cognition dysfunction were divided into control group (n=30) and experimental group (n=30). The trainings (attention training and cognition training) were respectively 30 minutes each time, 5 times each week for 4 weeks. The change of reaction time and error rate were compared before and after they were performing the orthographic, semantic and phonological tasks. Results In the dual-task paradigm the change of reaction time and error rate in orthographic and semantic tasks of the experimental group were all higher than the control group (P<0.001). But there was no difference between the two groups in the phonological task (P>0.05). In the single task paradigm there was no difference between the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusion 1. Attention training can improve the processing capacity significantly in orthographic and semantic tasks in the dual-task paradigm because the volume and distributive ability of attention improve significantly. 2. Attention training can't improve the processing capacity in phonological tasks in the dual- task paradigm because reading aloud and judging are required to process the vowel simultaneously. So that the competion intensifies and it is more difficult to finish the task. 3. In the single task paradigm, there is no significant difference between the influence of the two trainings in poststroke nonfluent aphasiac because the single task needs little attention and the change in the control group is enough.

AIM: To observe the clinical effects of intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide ( TA ) before vitrectomy for retinal detachment associated with choroidal detachment. · METHODS: Totally 23 cases ( 23 eyes ) of retinal detachment associated with choroidal detachment in our hospital were treated by intravitreal injection of TA 4-5d before 23-Gauge micro-invasive vitrectomy combined with silicone oil injection. All the cases were followed up between 6 to 9mo. The anatomic retinal reattachment, visual acuity, intraocular pressure and postoperative complications were observed and analyzed. ·RESULTS: After the surgery, the visual acuity of all patients were improved, with 9 eyes better than 0. 3 (39%), and 18 eyes better than 0. 05 (78%). The BCVA at 1wk, 1 and 3mo and last follow up were different compared with before operations (P<0. 05). The mean intraocular pressure was 4. 02±1. 47mmHg before injection, 13.69±4. 68mmHg before operation (P<0. 05), and17.72±5.87 mmHg after operation (P<0.05). The retina of all patients treated were reattached 2wk post-operatively. The retinal reattachment rate after the primary surgery and the secondary surgery was 87% and 100%, respectively. Post-operative complications included 7 eyes of transient high intraocular pressure, occurred during 12-14d after operations and returned to normal after less glucocorticoid eye drops and giving IOP lowering drugs. There were no intraocular hemorrhage, iatrogenic retinal breaks, infections, or lens injuries. · CONCLUSION: Intravitreal injection of TA before vitrectomy for retinal detachment associated with choroidal could improve the clinical effects, and decrease the difficulty of surgery while the injection itself is pretty safe.