Adaptive behavior is attracting more and more attention and have become necessary basis of diagnosis and intervention of mental retardation. The definition of adaptive behavior have not unified yet, AAMR(2002) suggests that adaptive behavior is the skill of concept, society and use, the constraint of adaptive behavior will influence individual's daily life, and then life adaption. Approachs of mental retardation assessment include interviews, behavioral observations, functional assessment, quality of life assessment and sociometric techniques. No matter which approach is used in assessment, the goal is to improve lives of individuals with mental retardation, the limits of each approach should be considered, and, the assessment of individuals with mental retardation must contain all aspects.

OBJECTIVETo establish a more stable method to isolate osteocytes in vitro, and then to find the differences with osteoblast biological characteristics.

METHODSOsteocytes and osteoblasts were isolated from the bone tissue of 3-day-old rats using sequential collagenase digestion. The cells were identified through cell morphology after 24 hours later. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) kit was used to stain the first generation cells by Kaplow-way, the bone gla protein (BGP) of the cells were stained by immunocytochemitry. Measured ALP and computed its activity.

RESULTSOsteocytes and osteoblasts showed obviously differences in cell morphology. Osteocytes were star-shaped or dendrite-shaped within more dendrites, while osteoblasts were spindle-shaped with short dendrites. Osteocytes were negative for ALP, but osteoblasts were positive; Osteocytes were more positive for BGP, and osteoblasts were less positive. The secretion of ALP in osteocytes was lower than that of osteoblasts.

CONCLUSIONOsteocytes can be isolated and cultured in vitro. These characteristics of osteocytes are apparently difference with those of osteoblasts.

Alkaline Phosphatase ; analysis ; Animals ; Cell Separation ; methods ; Osteoblasts ; chemistry ; cytology ; Osteocalcin ; analysis ; Osteocytes ; chemistry ; cytology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Objective To deal with the awareness rate of medical precise health care policy of the medical care workers in poverty-stricken areas and the influencing factors of the awareness rate.Methods The questionnaire was designed based on literature analysis and expert discussion,and field investigation was done.Statistical analysis and logistic regression analysis were performed using SPSS19.0.Results Only 26.0％ of medical workers express that they were aware of current health poverty alleviation and related policies,while nearly 40％ were not satisfied with current precision health and poverty alleviation policy.Logistic regression analysis indicated that three factors on health care personnel had an impact on the level of awareness of precision health and poverty alleviation policies,"whether the hospital has acquired help from a superior hospital","where the hospital gives help to junior hospitals" and "where the hospital has preferential policies tilt for employees serving primarily for a long time'.Conclusion The awareness and satisfaction on precision health poverty alleviation policy of medical staff at the public county-level hospitals remains to be improved.From the hospital point of view,establishing close county-level rural health and poverty alleviation structure from the hospital and supportive policy of leader-member,innovating management mode,as well as providing preferential policies tilt for employees serving primarily for a long time are viable options for targeted and healthy poverty alleviation.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the clinical features and prognostic factors in children with fulminant myocarditis.

METHODSThe clinical data of 24 children with fulminant myocarditis were retrospectively analyzed. According to the prognosis, these children were classified into two groups: survival (n=12) and death (n=12). The risk factors influencing prognosis in children with fulminant myocarditis were identified by logistic regression analysis.

RESULTSAmong the 24 cases of fulminant myocarditis, gastrointestinal symptoms were found as initial symptoms in 14 cases, neurological symptoms in 12 cases, respiratory symptoms in 1 case, and cardiac symptoms in 2 cases. On admission, serum levels of creatine kinase MB, troponin I, and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) were all increased. Besides, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) decreased in 22 cases (92%), cardiothoracic ratio increased in 10 cases, third-degree atrioventricular block was observed in 8 cases, ST-segment changes were found in 11 cases and ventricular tachycardia was identified in 2 cases. LVEF in the death group was lower than in the survival group (P<0.05), while the peak level of serum BNP during hospitalization in the death group was higher than in the survival group (P<0.05). The multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that LVEF was the risk factor influencing prognosis (OR=7.418; P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONSFulminant myocarditis has no specific clinical features in children. A decreased LVEF is a risk factor for poor prognosis in children with fulminant myocarditis.

Adolescent ; Child ; Creatine Kinase, MB Form ; Electrocardiography ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Myocarditis ; physiopathology ; Natriuretic Peptide, Brain ; blood ; Prognosis ; Ventricular Function, Left

OBJECTIVE: To study the features of new-onset organ dysfunction in children with sepsis in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed for the clinical data of children with sepsis who were admitted to the PICU from 2015 to 2016. There were 34 children with severe sepsis and 69 with non-severe sepsis, and the two groups were compared in terms of the incidence rate of new-onset organ dysfunction and the functional status on admission and at discharge. RESULTS: The severe sepsis group had a significantly higher incidence rate of new-onset organ dysfunction than the non-severe sepsis group (38% vs 6%; P<0.05). The children in the non-severe sepsis group had a relatively good functional status on admission, with marked improvement in the overall functional status at discharge. The children in the severe sepsis group had a poor functional status on admission, with mild/moderate abnormalities in consciousness, sensation, communication and respiratory function at discharge. CONCLUSIONS Children with non-severe sepsis have a low incidence rate of new-onset organ dysfunction and a good prognosis, and those with severe sepsis often have a high incidence rate of new-onset organ dysfunction and a poor prognosis.
Child ; Humans ; Intensive Care Units, Pediatric ; Multiple Organ Failure ; Patient Discharge ; Prognosis ; Retrospective Studies ; Sepsis

Objective To explore the role of regulatory T-lymphocytes(Treg) in the immune pathogenesis of suba-cute thyroiditis (SAT). Methods The proportion of Treg in CD4+T cells in peripheral blood of 46 SAT patients and15 controls was detected using flow cytometry. And the concentration of interleukin-10(IL-10), transforming growth factor-beta1(TGF-β1) and prostaglandin E2(PGE2) in serum of 46 SAT patients and 15 controls was measured with ELISA. In addition, the Forkhead box protein 3 (Foxp3) positive cells in thyroid tissue of 29 SAT patients and20 controls was detected by immunohistochemistry. Results The proportion of Treg in peripheral blood of SAT pa-tients was significantly lower than that of controls (P＜0.05). And the concentration of TGF-β1 in serum of SAT patients was apparently higher than that of controls(P＜0.05). Additionally, the positive rate of Foxp3 in thyroid tissue of SAT patients was markedly higher than that of controls(P＜0.05).Conclusions The decrease of Treg may play an important role in the immune pathogenesis of SAT.

Objective To explore the correlations between monocyte immunodepression andthe levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and fibrinogen (Fg) in patients with severe acute stroke. MethodsThis prospective study involved 53 consecutive patients admitted in the neurological intensive care unit(NICU) within 24 h after stroke onset. Blood samples were collected serially on days 1, 2, 4, 6 and 14after stroke to determine monocytic HLA-DR expression using flow cytometry. CRP and Fg weredetected on day 2 after the admission, and Graph_Pad PRISM 4.0 software was used to analyze thecorrelations among the variables. Thirty-nine concurrent patients admitted in the general ward, whocomplained dizziness without magnetic resonance imaging evidence of acute stroke, were enrolled toserve as the control group. Results The levels of CRP and Fg in the stroke group were significantlyhigher than those in the control group (P<0.05). The CRP and Fg levels were both found to inverselycorrelate to monocytic HLA-DR expression at different observational points. The correlations of CRP andFg to HLA-DR expression were the most obvious on day 2 and 4 after admission (r=-0.419, P=0.001;r=-0.434, P=0.001), respectively. Conclusion Immunosuppression of the monocytes in patients withsevere acute stroke is probably associated with the inflammatory reaction after stroke.

Objective To explore the anti-viral mechanism of kurarinol through studying its influence on cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) surface program death receptor-1 (PD-1) expression of patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB).Methods 69 cases of CHB,HBV DNA ≥ 104 copies/ml,HBeAg positive,human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A2 positive,alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ＞ 2 × upper limit of normal value(ULN).69 cases were randomly divided into two groups:34 cases in treatment group,600 mg of kurarinol glucose injection was used for intravenous dripping,once a day,one month later,200 mg of kurarinol capsule was used orally,three times a day and.200 mg of silybin meglumine tablet was used orally,three times a day.35 cases in control group,only silibin meglumine tablet was used,method and dosage were the same as those of treatment group.Three months later,their peripheral blood HBV specific CTL surface PD-1 expression,non-specific CTL surface PD-1 expression and level of HBV specific CTL,HBV DNA and HBeAg negative rate and liver functions were analyzed and compared.Results 3 months after treatment,peripheral blood HBV specific CTL surface PD-1 expression of the treatment group decreased compared with that before treatment(t =2.39,P ＜ 0.05),it also decreased compared with that of the control group 3 months after treatment(t =2.26,P ＜ 0.05),HBV specific CTL increased compared with that before treatment(t =3.01,P ＜ 0.01),it also increased compared with that of the control group after treatment (t =2.65,P ＜0.05).There was no significant difference of non-specific CTL surface PD-1 expression compared with that before treatment(P ＞ 0.05),and there was no significant difference compared with that of the control group after treatment(P ＞ 0.05).HBV DNA of 11 cases (32.5％) turned negative (HBV DNA ＜ 500 copies/ml),higher than that of the control group after treatment(2 cases,5.71％)x2 =7.99,P ＜ 0.01,H BeAg of 9 cases(26.47％) turned negative,higher than that of the control group after treatment(1 case,2.86％),x2 =7.75,P ＜ 0.01.Conclusion Kurarinol can increase level of HBV specific CTL by down-regulating peripheral blood HBV specific CTL surface PD-1 expression of CHB patients,which may be one of the possible mechanisms that kurarinol can remove or inhibit HBV of CHB patients.

Purpose: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is highly malignant and has poor prognosis and a high mortality rate. The lack of effective therapy has spurred our investigation of new targets for treating this malignant cancer. Here, we identified RON (macrophage-stimulating 1 receptor) and MET (MET proto-oncogene, receptor tyrosine kinase) as a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic targets for potential TNBC treatment. Materials and Methods: We analyzed RON and MET expression in 187 primary TNBC clinical samples with immunohistochemistry. We validated the targeted therapeutic effects of RON and MET in TNBC using three tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs): BMS-777607, INCB28060, and tivantinib. The preclinical therapeutic efficacy of the TKIs was mainly estimated using a TNBC xenograft model. Results: Patients with TNBC had widespread, abnormal expression of RON and MET. There was RON overexpression, MET overexpression, and RON and MET co-overexpression in 63 (33.7%), 63 (33.7%), and 43 cases (23.0%), respectively, which had poor prognosis and short survival. In vivo, the TKI targeting RON ant MET inhibited the activation of the downstream signaling molecules, inhibited TNBC cell migration and proliferation, and increased TNBC cell apoptosis; in the xenograft model, they significantly inhibited tumor growth and shrank tumor volumes. The TKI targeting RON and Met, such as BMS-777607 and tivantinib, yielded stronger anti-tumor effects than INCB28060. Conclusion RON and MET co-overexpression can be significant pathological characteristics in TNBC for poor prognosis. TKIs targeting RON and MET have stronger drug development potential for treating TNBC.

Microplastics(MPs)and nanoplastics(NPs)have become hazardous materials due to the massive amount of plastic waste and disposable masks,but their specific health effects remain uncertain.In this study,fluorescence-labeled polystyrene NPs(PS-NPs)were injected into the circulatory systems of mice to determine the distribution and potential toxic effects of NPs in vivo.Interestingly,whole-body imaging found that PS-NPs accumulated in the testes of mice.Therefore,the toxic effects of PS-NPs on the reproduction systems and the spermatocytes cell line of male mice,and their mechanisms,were investigated.After oral exposure to PS-NPs,their spermatogenesis was affected and the spermatogenic cells were damaged.The spermatocyte cell line GC-2 was exposed to PS-NPs and analyzed using RNA sequencing(RNA-seq)to determine the toxic mechanisms;a ferroptosis pathway was found after PS-NP exposure.The phenomena and indicators of ferroptosis were then determined and verified by ferroptosis inhibitor ferrostatin-1(Fer-1),and it was also found that nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2)played an important role in spermatogenic cell ferroptosis induced by PS-NPs.Finally,it was confirmed in vivo that this mechanism of Nrf2 played a protective role in PS-NPs-induced male reproductive toxicity.This study demonstrated that PS-NPs induce male reproductive dysfunction in mice by causing spermatogenic cell ferroptosis dependent on Nrf2.