Abstract: Objective　To compare the mosquito trapping effect of BG-trap mosquito trap using carbon dioxide versus BG-lure attractant under filed conditions. Methods　In August and September 2020, two areas were set with a distance of 100 m. Two sites were set at each area, and one mosquito trap BG trap was set with a distance of 5 m. Each site was set with different flow of CO2 and different amount of BG-lure attractants. The BG-trap mosquito traps on the same area would exchange positions every other day. The mosquitoes captured by each mosquito trap was collected and classified. and the species, sex and number of mosquitoes captured were recorded and counted. Results　The densities of Aedes albopictus captured by BG+/CO2-and BG-/CO2+were 14 and 31, and that of Culex pipiens pallens were 2 and 16, respectively. The differences were statistically significant (Aedes albopictus, t=-2.675, P<0.05; Culex pipiens pallens, t=-4.873, P<0.05). With BG-lure attractant, the females of Aedes albopictus and Culex pipiens pallens in the CO2+group were 2.6 (25/9.5) and 12.0 (12 /1) times higher than those in the CO2-group, and the differences were statistically significant (female Aedes albopictus, t=-4.119, P<0.01; female Culex pipiens pallens, t=-4.592, P<0.01), suggesting that the most important attractant to female mosquitoes is CO2. With BG-lure attractant, the male Aedes albopictus in the CO2+ group was 3.0 (12/4) times higher than that in the CO2-group, and the difference was statistically significant (male Aedes albopictus, t=-3.284, P<0.01). Without BG-lure attractant, female Aedes albopictus and female Culex pipiens pallens in the CO2 + group were 1.8 (18 / 10) and 15.5 (15.5/1.0) times higher than those in the CO2-group, and the difference was statistically significant (female Aedes albopictus, t=-2.868, P<0.05; female Culex pipiens pallens, t=-5.259, P<0.05). Without BG-lure attractant, the male Aedes albopictus in the CO2+group was 2.0 (9.0/4.5) times higher than that in the CO2-group, with a statistically significant difference (t=-2.508, P<0.05). With CO2, Aedes albopictus and Culex pipiens pallens in the BG + attractant group were 1.4 (43.5/31) and 0.78 (12.5/16.0) times higher than those in the BG-attractant group, and the differences were not statistically significant (Aedes albopictus, t=-0.943, P>0.05 ; Culex pipiens pallens, t=0.709, P>0.05). Without CO2, Aedes albopictus and Culex pipiens pallens in the BG + attractant group were 1.0 (14/14) and 2.0 (2.0/1.0) times higher than those in the BG + attractant group, and the differences were not statistically significant (Aedes albopictus, t=-0.500, P>0.05; Culex pipiens pallens, t=-1.000, P>0.05). Without BG-lure attractant, the densities of female Aedes albopictus captured by adding 0, 1 and 2 parts of dry ice were 10, 17.5 and 18 respectively, and the difference was statistically significant among the three groups (F=3.942, P<0.05). The densities of female Culex pipiens pallens captured were 1, 13 and 18 respectively, and the difference was statistically significant among the three groups (F=13.881, P<0.05). However, there was no significant difference between the capture of female Aedes albopictus and female Culex pipiens pallens by adding 1 part of dry ice and 2 parts of dry ice (female Aedes albopictus, t=0.112, P>0.05; female Culex pipiens pallens, t=-0.540, P>0.05). Without CO2, 10, 10, 9.5 and 1, 1 and 1.5 female Aedes albopictus and Culex pipiens pallens were captured by adding 0, 1 and 2 portions of BG-lure attractants, respectively. There were no significant differences between the three groups (female Aedes albopictus, F=0.120, P>0.05; female Culex pipiens pallens, F=0.477, P>0.05). Conclusions　In the monitoring of BG-trap mosquito trap, the mosquito trapping effect of CO2 is better than that of BG-lure attractant. When the same monitoring effect is obtained, the use of CO2 (100 mL/min) can save the use cost.

Objective To study the first-time killing efficacy and the chain-killing efficacy of four gel baits against Blattella germanica: 1% chlorpyrifos, 0.05% fipronil, 2.15% imidacloprid, and 0.5% dinotefuran and provide a basis for drug selection in controlling Blattella germanica. Methods Laboratory killing efficacy test was conducted according to the national standard GB/T 13917.7-2009 and the chain-killing efficacy test was conducted for three rounds.The first round of chain efficacy test was conducted by feeding the cockroaches killed in the laboratory efficacy test, and each next round by feeding the cockroaches killed in the last round.Median lethal time (LT₅₀), 95% confidence limit, and toxicological regression equation of each test were calculated by software DPS V9.01. Results The LT₅₀ of the efficacy test with 1% chlorpyrifos gel bait was 0.745 5 (0.603 4-0.890 3) d.The LT₅₀ of the first, second and third chain experiments increased by 3.30, 2.18 and 2.76 times, respectively.The LT₅₀ of the efficacy test with 0.05% fipronil gel bait was 0.846 5(0.464 7-1.228 0)d, and increased by 5.42, 2.09 and 1.48 times, respectively, in the first, second and third chain experiments.The LT₅₀ of the efficacy test with 2.15% imidacloprid gel bait was 3.192 1(2.865 0-3.506 0)d, and increased by 1.13, 1.65 and 1.15 times, respectively in the first, second and third chain experiments.The LT₅₀ of the efficacy test with 0.5% dinotefuran gel bait was 0.997 1(0.805 8-1.191 6) d, and increased by 3.85, 1.37 and 1.78 times, respectively in the first, second and third chain experiments. Conclusion In the laboratory killing efficacy test, 1% chlorpyrifos, 0.05% fipronil, and 0.5% dinotefuran gel baits are better than 2.15% imidacloprid gel bait.In the chain-killing efficacy test, 2.15% imidacloprid and 0.5% dinotefuran gel baits are better than 1% chlorpyrifos and 0.05% fipronil gel baits.Based on our results, we recommend the use of 0.5% dinotefuran gel bait for comprehensive and sustained killing effect.

Objective To learn the population and infestation rates of cockroaches from 2017 to 2019 in Jiading District of Shanghai, to evaluate the effect of cockroach termination in household, and to provide information for cockroach control. Methods Cockroaches were controlled by dinotefuran baits and clean-up in households.Sticky trap and visual method were employed for density monitoring in farmers markets, supermarkets, hotels, restaurants, hospitals, and residential areas.Visual method was used in households before and after using the insecticide. Results Sticky trap result showed the room infestation rate was 3.24%, mean adhesion rate was 3.29%, the density was 0.06 per board, and the density peak appeared in May.Rate of invasion and density decreased year by year.Blattella germanica was the dominant species, counting for 71.88%.The density, and rate of infestation, as determined by sticky trap method, were the highest in the farmers markets, followed by hospitals and residential areas.Determined by visual method, room infestation rate was 1.16%, and the infestation rate was 4.44%.The peak appeared in January.Infestation rate of the farmers markets was the highest, followed by hospitals and residential areas.By visual method, the room infestation rate was 59.01%, and 48.45% for nymphs.The room infestation and ootheca rates were 54.04% and 17.39%.The rate decreased more than 80% in 30 days after use of the insecticide. Conclusion Infestation rate of cockroach remains at low level in Jiading District.The effect of bait combined with environmental cleaning is remarkable.Future work should strengthen monitoring and control in farmers markets, hospitals and residential areas.

With global warming, mosquitoes and mosquito-borne diseases are spreading rapidly in many regions across the world and producing substantial morbidity and mortality.According to recent studies, mosquito population structure, density and distribution in urban environment are under dynamical changes with continuous urbanization and the consequent environment changes.Surface sewers and under-ground catch basins are becoming major mosquito breeding habitats. Population structure in surface sewers varies with the environment, Aedes albopictus is the dominant species in residential areas.Charac-terized with high population density and mobility, residential areas are easier for mosquito-borne disease spreading, so more attention should be paid to Aedes albopictus control in urban residential areas.Increased underground garages and subway traffic generated new breeding habitats and over wintering sites for mosquitoes in urban environment, control measures should be taken for such environments, since urban underground spaces are always the transit hub of vehicles, which may facilitate the spread of mosquito and its vectored virus, particularly, Culex molestus, Aedes albopictus and Culex tritaeniorhynchus can all be found breeding in underground catch basins.Frequent reports of Culex tritaeniorhynchus breeding in urban surface and underground environment suggest that Culex tritaeniorhynchus is gradually adapted to the new urbanized habitats, which may produce great effect for mosquito population structures in urban environment.Breeding habitats management is the most effective measures for mosquito control, qualified mosquito surveillance can help understand the fluctuation of mosquito species and provide timely warning, at the same time, regular risk assessment for mosquito-borne disease is essential for disease control and prevention.

[ Objective ] To assess the resistance risk of Culex pipiens pallens to pyriproxyfen in Culexpipiens pallens, to predict the rate of resistance development and to provide the reference for scientific and rational application of insecticides. [ Methods ] The resistance strain was developed by group selection, and the realized heritability ( h2 ) of Culex pipiens pallens resistance to deltamethrin was estimated by Tabashnik's method. [ Results] The resistance of Culex pipiens pallens to pyriproxyfen had increased by 5.69-fold after 12 generations of indoor breeding, and the h2 of Culex pipiens pallens to pyriproxyfen was 0.02, indicating that a relatively risk of resistance development. [ Conclusion] The results indicate that Culex pipiens pallens has resistance risk to pyriproxyfen, so the application of the insecticide must be scientific and rational.

For analyzing and verifying the accuracy of different mosquito monitoring frequencies and monitoring cycles , and developing an optimal mosquito monitoring program, the data obtained by a 224 days continuous monitoring (24 h/d) in 2013 were used as “standard data”, from which systematic -sampling was performed to acquire different “monitoring frequency group”, and then calculate the error rates ( ERs).Meanwhile, different “monitoring cycle models” were established and the population density of adult mosquitoes and the formed ERs were calculated .Then an economic and effective monitoring programme was developed with ERs ≤ 20.0% as the evaluation criteria.As results, the ERs of mosquito population dynamics declined to 19.90% (≤20.0%) when the monitoring frequency increased to 3 times per month, and the average proportion ERs of Cx.pi.pallens and Ae.albopictus declined to 7.01% and 18.10% (≤ 20. 0%) when the monitoring frequency was 2 times per month, therefore, the optimal mosquito monitoring frequency should be 3 times per month.In the same way, the optimal monitoring frequency could be determined to be 2 times per ten-days.As to monitoring cycle, there was no significant difference of mosquito density between period II & III and 24 h monitoring cycle, and the obvious difference in Ae.albopictus population could be corrected by fitting method, therefore II&III period (16: 30-8: 00 the next day) should be determined as an optimal mosquito monitoring cycle.

Continual mosquito surveillances in People's Square & Park of Shanghai were carried out for investigating the population dynamics of Cx.tritaeniorhynchus and formulating an effective control measurement in downtown Shanghai .The peak value of Cx.tritaeniorhynchus population density in downtown Shanghai appeared in July; on contrary, routine surveillance performed a few years before indicated that the peak density of Cx.tritaeniorhynchus occurred in August.In addition, two positive breeding sites of Cx.tritaeniorhynchus were found for the first time in downtown Shanghai, and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus was the dominant species in People's Square & Park ( accounting for 32.79% in local mosquito community).The results acquired this time and from the surveillance performed the last 3 years caution us that Cx. tritaeniorhynchus has stabilized its population in downtown Shanghai.Cx.tritaeniorhynchus is a major vector species responsible on transmitting Japan B encephalitis ( JBE) in China, should be paid the same attention as to Cx.p.pallens and Ae.albopictus in downtown Shanghai;besides, the propotional government departments in charge of mosquito and mosquito-borne disease control should pay more attention to the new situation of Cx.tritaeniorhynchus in downtown Shanghai.