Objective To explore the effects of peer assistance model based on mini-clinical evaluation exercise (Mini-CEX) combined with direct observation of procedural skill (DOPS) in the teaching of autoimmune liver diseases (AILDs). Methods A total of 115 residents receiving training in the Department of Gastroenterology of Xijing Hospital were selected and divided into a control group and an experimental group according to the order in which they came to the department. The control group received traditional teaching mode, while the experimental group underwent peer assistance model based on Mini-CEX combined with DOPS. Results The experimental group showed significantly higher scores in both clinical competence and medical record documentation compared to the control group. In addition, the experimental group reported higher satisfaction levels in terms of self-learning ability, learning interest, communication skills and cooperation ability. The overall satisfaction of the experimental group is higher than that of the control group. Conclusion The use of peer assisted learning mode based on Mini-CEX and DOPS in the AILD teaching could improve the teaching effects.
Humans ; Autoimmune Diseases/therapy* ; Liver Diseases/therapy* ; Male ; Female ; Peer Group ; Clinical Competence ; Adult ; Teaching ; Learning

Background and Objective: Peer-assisted learning (PAL) is an established concept in which students obtain mutual benefits by teaching and learning from each other. In the clinical environment, this often occurs intentionally or unintentionally in various formats such as same level or cross level peer tutoring, peer mentoring, cooperative learning and the like. This study determined the effectiveness of Peer Assisted Learning in achieving identified program outcomes in the curriculum for clerks and postgraduate interns rotating in Otorhinolaryngology specialty. Methodology: Study has 2 parts. Part 1 was a one-group pre-test and post-test design that involved teaching training of 16 PGI to be peer tutors in Otorhinolaryngology Physical Examination (ORL PE) to clerks. Video recorded pre-training baseline and post-training actual skills demonstrations of the PGI were rated. Scores were compared using Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test with p value at 5% level of significance. Part 2 was a randomized controlled single-blind trial of Peer-Led vs. Expert Faculty-Led ORL PE training of 55 clerks. Tutees performed a post training video-recorded skills demonstration assessed by a faculty rater who was blinded as to who among the clerks underwent the PAL-Led or Expert Faculty-Led training. Scores of the tutees in the 2 models of instruction were compared using the Mann-Whitney U-test at 5% level of significance. Results: Part 1 results showed significant improvement in the post-training scores of the 16 PGI in the identified micro skills and ORL PE skills. For Part 2, 33 and 22 clerks underwent PAL-Led and Expert Faculty-Led instruction respectively. Comparison of performance scores of the clerks in the 2 models of instruction showed no significant difference. Conclusion Teaching training for PGI improved their knowledge, skills and attitude in teaching ORL PE skills to clerks. There was no significant difference in the performance outcomes between clerks that underwent PALLed and Expert Faculty-Led model of instruction.
Teacher Training ; Peer Group

Inappropriate authorship and other fraudulent publication strategies are pervasive. Here, I deal with contribution disclosures, authorship disputes versus plagiarism among collaborators, kin co-authorship, gender bias, authorship trade, and fake peer review (FPR). In contrast to underserved authorship and other ubiquitous malpractices, authorship trade and FPR appear to concentrate in some Asian countries that exhibit a mixed academic pattern of rapid growth and poor ethics. It seems that strong pressures to publish coupled with the incessantly growing number of publications entail a lower quality of published science in part attributable to a poor, compromised or even absent (in predatory journals) peer review. In this regard, the commitment of Publons to strengthen this fundamental process and ultimately ensure the quality and integrity of the published articles is laudable. Because the many recommendations for adherence to authorship guidelines and rules of honest and transparent research reporting have been rather ineffective, strong deterrents should be established to end manipulated peer review, undeserved authorship, and related fakeries.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Authorship* ; Dissent and Disputes ; Ethics ; Humans ; Peer Review* ; Plagiarism ; Publications ; Research Report ; Sexism

BACKGROUND: We aimed to examine the effects of an experiential learning activities-focused smoking prevention (ELSP) program on the basis of the Attitude-Social Influence-Efficacy (ASE) model in elementary school students. METHODS: A non-equivalent control group pre-test and post-test design was conducted with 84 participants who were in the fifth grade of two elementary schools in Seongnam city, South Korea. The two schools were allocated into either the ELSP (n=42) or control (n=42) group. The ELSP group completed five ELSP classes, while the control group completed five traditional lecture-based classes during the 5 weeks. Both groups were examined before and after 5 weeks, using ASE measures of smoking attitude, social influence, self-efficacy for the refusal of smoking temptation, and intention not to smoke. Data were collected from August to September 2017. RESULTS: The ELSP group had significant changes in the scores of smoking attitude (t=4.75, P<0.001) and social influences (t=3.73, P<0.001), compared to those in the control group. However, the ELSP group had non-significant changes in the scores of self-efficacy for the refusal of smoking temptation and intention not to smoke, compared to those in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: The ELSP program may be effective in improving smoking attitude and perceived social influence of smoking among those in upper grades of elementary schools. However, the duration and intensity of the ELSP program must be revised to effectively enhance smoking refusal self-efficacy and non-smoking intentions.
Gyeonggi-do ; Humans ; Intention ; Korea ; Peer Influence ; Problem-Based Learning ; Smoke ; Smoking

PURPOSE: This study was done to investigate the relationships between nursing work environment, leader-member exchange(LMX), peer support, and organizational commitment in one city with a severe nurse shortage. METHODS: Participants were 198 nurses who had worked for more than 6 months with the same head nurse. They worked in five general hospitals located in one city. In April 2016 participants completed a survey questionnaire about their nursing work environment, LMX, peer support, and organizational commitment. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient, and multiple regression. RESULTS: There was a significant difference in nursing work environment by experience of turnover (t=−2.58, p=.010). LMX showed significant difference by department (F=3.81, p=.011). Factors influencing nurses' organizational commitment were nurse participation in hospital affairs (β=.23, p=.028) and nurse manager ability, leadership and support (β=.18, p=.022). Explanatory power was 18.2% in the regression model. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that it is necessary to improve the nursing work environment in order to increase organizational commitment. Improvement of the nursing system should be considered along with supplementation of nurses particularly during a severe nurse shortage.
Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Leadership ; Nurse Administrators ; Nursing ; Nursing, Supervisory ; Peer Influence

PURPOSE: Group-based interventions help the members of the parent group work together to share their parenting stress, provide opportunities for them to support each other emotionally and informatively, and allow them to achieve what they want to accomplish. The purpose of this study is to investigate and synthesize the outcome of a parenting support program for infant and toddler parents. METHODS: Published randomized control trials were identified through Ovid-Medline, Embase and CINAHL DB. Eligible studies include articles published between 2008 and 2018 in English in the randomized controlled trial design in which parenting support programs were implemented for infant and toddler parents group. RESULTS: A total of 11 studies was selected for this review. These programs reported large level of effect size for parenting, and middle level effect size for parent's psycho-social outcomes and child development. There were many programs conducted for parents with infants between 13 and 24 months, and the frequency of programs provided for 2 hours a week was high with 9 to 12 sessions. Most programs were facilitated by trained professionals including nurses and social workers except two programs led by lay persons. CONCLUSION: This review demonstrates that group-based parenting support programs have positive effects on parenting, parent's psychosocial health and infant development. To disseminate the effective group-based parenting support programs, further research is needed to confirm the long term effect and develop nurse's role as a group facilitator.
Child ; Child Development ; Humans ; Infant ; Nurse's Role ; Parenting ; Parents ; Peer Group ; Social Work ; Social Workers

PURPOSE: This study aimed to identify the effects of utilizing Smartphone Application Peer Support (SAPS) on health behavior and body mass index (BMI) among overweight or obese breast cancer survivors (BCS). METHODS: A nonequivalent control group with a non-synchronized design was utilized and 36 participants (experimental group 14, control group 22) were recruited from August 2017 to September 2018. Participants were 40~65 years old, overweight or obese, had completed primary cancer treatment within the 12 months prior to the study, and had not done regular exercise during the last 6 months. The 3-month SAPS consisted of exercise and diet education (once p/2 weeks), peer support (once p/week), and self-monitoring using smartphone applications (5 times p/week). All participants underwent assessments at baseline, right after SAPS, and at 3 months after SAPS. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA. RESULTS: At the completion of SAPS significant differences were found between groups in motivation for exercise (t=−3.24, p=.005), physical activity (t=−4.15, p<.001), total calorie intake (t=3.42, p=.002), calories from fat (t=−3.01, p=.005), intake of vegetables (t=−2.83, p=.008), and BMI (t=5.21, p<.001). Significant differences in BMI (t=4.13, p<.001) remained up to 3 months after SAPS completion. No significant differences was shown between groups in self-efficacy for exercise, either immediately after or 3 months after SAPS. CONCLUSION: The SAPS has the potential to improve motivation for exercise, health behavior, and BMI of BCS. However, special efforts are required to encourage participants to complete the intervention and maintain long-term effects for future trials.
Body Mass Index ; Breast Neoplasms ; Breast ; Diet ; Education ; Health Behavior ; Humans ; Motivation ; Motor Activity ; Overweight ; Peer Group ; Smartphone ; Survivors ; Vegetables

BACKGROUND: Although the same equipment and reagents can be employed for inspecting identical samples, the setting and verification methods for the corresponding reference intervals differ from each other, and such methods are not well established. To address the issues associated with establishing and validating reference intervals, a Web-based application is proposed for collaboratively setting reference intervals. METHODS: A Web application was designed for automatically providing the statistical results associated with a reference interval upon receiving the corresponding test results from participating institutions and incorporating the cumulative data. RESULTS: By employing the proposed Web-based application (www.referencerange.org), reference intervals can be collaboratively set based on objective and statistical analyses incorporating clinical chemistry results obtained from Korea Healthcare Association in the years 2016 and 2017. Cumulative data obtained from the existing input peer group associated with an inspection are updated in real time, and the current set reference interval is displayed in real time. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, a Web-based application is designed for collaboratively setting reference intervals whereby all Korean laboratories can easily participate, collectively set reference intervals, and apply the set reference intervals. Hence, the proposed application can aid in providing basic data associated with health information.
Chemistry, Clinical ; Delivery of Health Care ; Indicators and Reagents ; Korea ; Peer Group

Objective: To evaluate the intervention effects of peer support education mode for type 2 diabetes control in rural residents. Methods: A random cluster sampling method has been used, including 300 rural residents aged above 18 years old from three villages (184 in control group, 116 in intervention group), in order to proceed the physical check-up and health education programs. Unchanged rate, transfer rate of patients, rate of impaired glucose tolerance, turn normal rate and other biochemical indicators of patients and people with impaired glucose tolerance from control group and intervention group were analyzed, to evaluate the intervention effects of peer support education mode. Results: The glycemic control rate of intervention group for patients and people with impaired glucose tolerance (72.2% and 71.4%) were higher than control group (43.6% and 26.7%), but the unchanged rate of intervention group (13.9% and 0.0%) were lower than control group (42.3% and 73.3%). Patients with diabetes or glucose intolerance in the education group improved significantly in waist-to-hip ratio, uric acid, total cholesterol and HDL-C. Glycemic hemoglobin level also improved significantly in diabetes patients of the education group. Conclusion: Peer support for education intervention seemed beneficial for diabetic control. The combination of education and effect evaluation was important in the evaluation of diabetes prevention and control. Peer support education also benefited the blood glucose control in general population.
Adolescent ; Blood Glucose/analysis* ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/therapy* ; Glucose Intolerance ; Health Education ; Humans ; Patient Education as Topic/methods* ; Peer Group ; Rural Population ; Self-Help Groups

OBJECTIVES: Smoking is a significant public health issue in Bangladesh. The purpose of this study was to examine peer smoking and smoking-related beliefs among college students in Bangladesh. METHODS: College students at two universities in Dhaka, Bangladesh participated in a self-administered survey in May and June 2017. RESULTS: First, being a current or former smoker is associated with lower levels of beliefs among respondents that they would not smoke even with smoker friends or nervousness, and lower levels of intentions that they would not smoke, while current smokers and former smokers have different smoking-related beliefs. Second, having smoker friends is associated with lower levels of intentions that they would not smoke. Third, higher levels of normative beliefs that it is important not to smoke are associated with higher levels of beliefs that they would not smoke even with smoker friends or nervousness, higher levels of intentions that they would not smoke, and higher levels of avoidance of smoking. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking-related beliefs and perceived norms in individuals’ social networks are important components in promoting tobacco cessation in Bangladesh. But it is challenging to prevent or intervene in smoking because of the high rates of smoking in this country and the high prevalence of smokers in individuals’ social networks. Future studies should examine the most effective interventions to combat smoking in high-smoking social networks, such as using mobile apps or social media, and evaluate the effectiveness of such interventions.
Anxiety ; Bangladesh ; Friends ; Humans ; Intention ; Mobile Applications ; Peer Influence ; Prevalence ; Public Health ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Social Media ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Tobacco Use Cessation