OBJECTIVES: This in vitro study evaluated the effect of dentin biomodifiers on the immediate and long-term bond strengths of a simplified etch and rinse adhesive to dentin. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Flat coronal dentin surfaces were prepared in 120 extracted human molars. Teeth were randomly divided into 5 groups (n = 24) according to 5 different surface pre-treatments: No pre-treatment (control); 1M carbodiimide (EDC); 0.1% epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG); 2% minocycline (MI); 10% sodium ascorbate (SA). After surface pre-treatment, adhesive (Adper Single Bond 2 [SB], 3M ESPE) was applied. Composite was applied into transparent plastic tubes (2.5 mm in diameter), which was placed over the bonded dentin surface. From each group, 10 samples were subjected to shear bond strength (SBS) evaluation at 24 hours (immediate) and remaining 10 samples were tested after 6 months (delayed). Additionally, 4 samples per group were subjected to scanning electron microscopic analysis for observation of resin-dentin interface. The data were statistically analysed with Shaperio‑Wilk W test, 2-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and post hoc Tukey's test. RESULTS: At 24 hours, SBS of all surface pre-treatment groups were comparable with the control group, with significant differences found between EDC and SA groups only (p = 0.009). After 6 months storage, EDC, EGCG, and MI pre-treatments preserved the resin-dentin bond strength with no significant fall. CONCLUSIONS: Dentin pre-treatment with all the dentin biomodifiers except SA resulted in significant preservation of resin-dentin bond over 6 months storage period, without negatively affecting the immediate bond strength of the etch and rinse adhesive tested.
Adhesives* ; Ascorbic Acid ; Dentin* ; Ethyldimethylaminopropyl Carbodiimide ; Humans ; In Vitro Techniques ; Minocycline ; Molar ; Plastics ; Shear Strength ; Tooth

INTRODUCTIONClonidine is used with local anaesthetics to improve analgesia. However, the improvement conferred when clonidine is used together with ropivacaine is controversial. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the improvement in analgesia when clonidine is used together with ropivacaine for supraclavicular brachial plexus block.

METHODSThis was a prospective, randomised, double-blind controlled study. A total of 75 patients who were scheduled to undergo supraclavicular block were randomly assigned into three groups (i.e. clonidine, lignocaine and control groups) of 25. Patients in all three groups received 20 mL of 0.75% ropivacaine. In addition to that, patients in the clonidine group received 1 mL of clonidine (150 μg) plus 9 mL of saline, patients in the lignocaine group received 10 mL of 2% lignocaine with adrenaline (1:200,000), and patients in the control group received 10 mL of saline. The characteristics of anaesthesia and analgesia for these three groups were assessed.

RESULTSThe addition of 2% lignocaine with adrenaline to ropivacaine led to earlier onset of the sensory block (by 4.88 mins), but no increase in the duration of analgesia when compared to analgesia using ropivacaine alone. The addition of clonidine to ropivacaine led to earlier onset of sensory and motor blocks (by 2.88 mins and 3.28 mins, respectively), as well as an increased duration of sensory and motor blocks (by 222.64 mins and 192.92 mins, respectively) when compared to analgesia using ropivacaine alone. The total duration of analgesia was increased by 208.24 mins with clonidine when compared to analgesia using ropivacaine alone. There were no significant differences in sedation score and no side effects in all three groups.

CONCLUSIONWhen compared to the use of ropivacaine alone, the addition of 150 μg clonidine to ropivacaine for brachial plexus block achieved earlier analgesic onset and improved duration of analgesia, without unwanted side effects.

Adult ; Amides ; administration & dosage ; Analgesia ; methods ; Anesthesia ; methods ; Anesthetics ; administration & dosage ; Anesthetics, Local ; administration & dosage ; Antihypertensive Agents ; administration & dosage ; Brachial Plexus Block ; methods ; Clonidine ; administration & dosage ; Double-Blind Method ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; methods ; Female ; Humans ; Lidocaine ; administration & dosage ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prospective Studies

Background: Dental anxiety is a matter of serious concern to pediatric dentists as it may impede the efficient delivery of dental care. If not adequately resolved, a persistent negative response pattern may emerge. Thaumaturgy, commonly known as magic trick, has become popular recently. It is a tool that distracts and relaxes the child by using magic trick while the dentist performs necessary treatment. Hence, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Thaumaturgic aid in alleviation of anxiety in 4–6 – year-old children during administration of local anesthesia using the inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB) technique. Methods: Thirty children aged between 4–6 years with dental anxiety requiring IANB were included in this study. Patients were divided equally into two groups: Group I, thaumaturgic aid group and Group II, conventional non-pharmacological group using randomization. Anxiety was measured before and after using the intervention with Raghavendra Madhuri Sujata-Pictorial scale (RMS-PS), Venham’s anxiety rating scale, and pulse rate. All the data were tabulated and compared using statistical analysis. Results: Children in thaumaturgy group (Group- I) exhibited significantly lower anxiety during IANB in comparison with children in the conventional group (Group- II) and the difference was statistically significant. Conclusion Magic tricks are effective in reducing anxiety among young children during IANB; Moreover, it expands the arsenal of behavior guidance techniques for treatment of children with anxiety and plays an important role in shaping the behavior of a child in pediatric dentistry.

Aims: Dermatophytosis is an emerging health problem in all age group people. The treatment is very challenging due to the high side effects of oral anti-fungal drugs and the increased resistance pattern against drugs and ointments. The aim of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity and resistance pattern of isolated and characterized dermatophytes to find the sensitive essential oil as a natural source of medicine to inhibit dermatophytosis Methodology and results: A total of 50 dermatophytes were isolated from different age groups and further sensitivity testing was performed against anti-fungal drugs, ointments, and essential oils. The best sensitivity was observed againstanti-fungal cream and three essential oils. Conclusion, significance and impact of study From 50 dermatophytes, the highest percentage of dermatophytes were obtained by the male patient under the age group of 19-64. In all, Trichophyton were the highly isolated species and showed high sensitivity against essential oil. Anti-fungal susceptibility testing is also vital for resistance surveillance and for comparing the in vitro activity of new and existing agents. The present study shows that natural essential oil can be a good alternative source of medication against these dermatophytes with no side effects.